UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 
AT   LOS  ANGELES 


THE  GIFT  OF 

MAY  TREAT  MORRISON 

IN  MEMORY  OF 

ALEXANDER  F  MORRISON 


SYLLABUS   OF 

AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY 


SYLLABUS  OF 

AMERICAN   COLONIAL 
HISTORY 

FROM  THE  BEGINNING  OF 

COLONIAL  EXPANSION  TO  THE  FORMATION 

OF    THE    FEDERAL    UNION 


BY 

WINFRED  TREXLER  ROOT,  PH.D. 

• 

ASSISTANT   PROFESSOR   OF   HISTORY 
UNIVERSITY   OF  WISCONSIN 

AND 

HERMAN  VANDENBURG  AMES,  PH.D. 

PROFESSOR   OF   AMERICAN   CONSTITUTIONAL  HISTORY 
UNIVERSITY  OF  PENNSYLVANIA 


LONGMANS,    GREEN,    AND    CO. 

FOURTH  AVENUE  &  30TH  STREET.  NEW  YORK 

LONDON,   BOMBAY,    AND   CALCUTTA 

1912 


COPYRIGHT,     1912,     BY 
LONGMANS,     GBEEN,     AND    CO. 


THE.PI.  IMnON-PRBSS 

[  w  • D • o] 

NORWOOD-MASS'U'S-A 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS 

PAGE 

INTRODUCTION   .................      vii 

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   NOTE ix 

PART  I:    DISCOVERY,   EXPLORATION,   AND   COLONIZATION 

Section      I.     European  Backgrounds 3 

Section    II.     The  Search  for  the  Indies 5 

Section  III.     Exploration  and  Colonization  to  1588 7 

Section  IV.     Commercial  Companies  and  the  Exploitation  of  America, 

1600-1620 11 

Section  V.     The  Great  Emigration,  1620-1640 15 

Section  VI.     Proprietary  Colonies,  1660-1682 20 


a 


PART  II:  POLITICAL  AND  INSTITUTIONAL  DEVELOPMENT, 

1606-1689 

Section     I.     Government  in  the  Corporate  Colonies 24 

Section    II.     Government  in  the  Proprietary  Provinces 28 

Section  III.     Land  Systems  and  Local  Institutions 34 

Section  IV.     Ecclesiastical  Relations  and  Education 38 

Section  V.     Indian  Relations  and  Intercolonial  Union  42 


!JU 

o 


PART  III:   THE  BRITISH  COLONIAL  SYSTEM,   1606-1689 

Section      I.     Beginnings  of  the  British  Colonial  Policy,  1606-1660     .      .       46 
Section    II.     Colonial  Policy  of  the  Restoration,  1660-1689    ....       50 


PART  IV:    PROVINCIAL  AMERICA,   1690-1748 

Section      I.     Extension  of  Imperial  Control,  1690-1714     .....  58 

Section    II.     Growth  of  the  Imperial  Constitution        ......  61 

Section  III.     Economic  and  Industrial  Development    ......  68 

[v] 


439401 


VI  TABLE   OF   CONTENTS 

PAGE 

Section   IV.     Expansion  of  Settlement  and  Frontier  Problems     ...       74 

Section     V.     Intercolonial  Relations 79 

Section   VI.     Social,  Religious,  and  Educational  Conditions    ....       81 

PART  V:   REORGANIZATION  AND  REVOLUTION,   1748-1776 

Section     I.     The  Empire  Disorganized,  1748-1763 86 

Section    II.     Imperial  Reorganization,  1763-1766 90 

Section  III.  Development  of  the  Revolution,  1767-1775         ....  96 

Section   IV.  The  Movement  for  Independence,  1775-1776     ....  103 

PART  VI:   CONFEDERATION  AND  CONSTITUTION,   1776-1789 

Section     I.  Formation  of  Government        108 

Section    II.  Problems  Confronting  Congress,  1776-1783 112 

Section  III.  Failure  of  the  Confederation,  1783-1787 116 

Section  IV.  Triumph  of  Nationalism 119 


INTRODUCTION 

THIS  syllabus  is  founded  on  the  experience  of  the  au- 
thors in  conducting  general  courses  on  American  Colonial 
History.  It  has,  in  consequence,  been  framed  to  meet 
their  own  desires  and  needs.  Other  instructors,  who  use 
this  syllabus,  will  probably  differ  on  questions  of  emphasis 
and  points  of  view,  on  the  matter  of  proportion,  and  on 
the  order  and  manner  of  treatment.  They  should  feel 
at  liberty  to  omit  certain  subjects,  to  amplify  others, 
to  introduce  new  matter,  and  to  modify  the  proportions 
and  arrangement. 

The  syllabus  opens  with  the  inception  of  the  colonizing 
activities  of  western  Europe  and  closes  with  the  ratifi- 
cation of  the  federal  constitution  of  1787.  The  colonial 
period  properly  ends  with  the  adoption  of  the  permanent 
institutions  which  were  the  outgrowth  of  the  experience 
of  colonial  and  revolutionary  days. 

It  is  one  purpose  of  the  authors  to  furnish  a  convenient 
classification  of  facts,  events,  and  periods  for  the  study 
of  colonial  history.  But  they  have  a  larger  purpose  in 
view.  It  is  hoped  that  the  publication  of  this  syllabus 
will  do  something  toward  the  creation  of  a  broader  out- 
look in  the  treatment  of  the  colonies.  Too  often  the 
colonies  have  been  studied  as  isolated  and  distinct  polit- 
ical units,  as  if  they  bore  no  relation  to  each  other,  shared 
in  no  common  development,  were  subject  to  no  elaborate 

[vii] 


Vlll  INTRODUCTION 

system  of  imperial  control,  or  played  no  part  in  the  world's 
history.  This  syllabus  undertakes  to  substitute  breadth 
of  view  for  the  old  narrow  vision,  to  connect  colonial 
history  with  other  history,  and  to  emphasize  phases  and 
periods  usually  neglected  or  treated  incidentally.  In 
particular,  emphasis  is  laid  upon  the  relation  of  the 
colonies  with  the  mother  country,  and  upon  the  influence 
of  the  advancing  frontier  on  colonial  development  and  on 
imperial  relations. 

The  syllabus  also  furnishes  references  to  source  mate- 
rial and  secondary  works  for  different  phases  and  subjects. 
First,  references  are  cited  to  the  general  secondary  works. 
This  list  has  been  selected  with  a  view  to  meet  the  needs 
of  large  classes  in  a  general  course  or  the  conditions  of  a 
limited  library.  Second,  for  further  and  more  intensive 
study,  references  are  given  to  special  histories  and  to 
articles  and  monographs  to  be  found  in  the  journals  of 
learned  societies  and  in  university  publications.  Third, 
references  to  source  material  are  confined  to  the  several 
convenient  and  readily  accessible  collections  of  documents 
and  contemporary  writings.  Lastly,  at  certain  places, 
references  are  made  to  maps.  In  the  matter  of  collateral 
reading  the  authors  did  not  deem  it  wise  to  indicate  spe- 
cifically which  of  the  various  references  should  be  read  by 
the  students.  Differences  of  opinion  exist  on  the  value  of 
books  and  the  amount  of  required  reading.  It  is  left 
to  the  individual  instructor  to  use  his  own  judgment. 


BIBLIOGKAPHICAL  NOTE 


GUIDES:  The  most  serviceable  and  recent  bibliographical  guides  are  Channing, 
Hart,  and  Turner,  Guide  to  the  Study  of  American  History  (1912),  and  the 
critical  essays  on  authorities  in  the  final  chapter  of  each  of  the  volumes  in 
the  series  entitled  The  American  Nation:  a  History,  A.  B.  Hart,  general  edi- 
tor. J.  N.  Lamed,  Literature  of  American  History  (1902),  serves  as  a  good 
introduction  to  source  and  secondary  material.  Justin  Winsor,  Narrative 
and  Critical  History  of  America  (8  vols.,  1888-1889),  is  useful  and  abundant, 
but  only  includes  material  published  to  1887.  W.  T.  Root,  Relations  of  Penn- 
sylvania with  the  British  Government,  1696-1765  (1912),  pp.  397-407,  contains 
a  critical  bibliography  of  the  sources  and  literature  dealing  with  imperial 
relations. 

SECONDARY:  The  following  general  works  are  suggested  for  those  who  cannot 
have  access  to  a  large  library:  The  American  Nation:  a  History,  vols.  I-X, 
A.  B.  Hart,  general  editor;  H.  L.  Osgood,  The  American  Colonies  in  the  Sev- 
enteenth Century  (3  vols.,  1905-1907),  a  work  scholarly  in  character,  and  in- 
dispensable for  the  study  of  institutional  development;  Edward  Channing, 
History  of  the  United  States  (3  vols.,  1895-1912,  covering  the  period  1000- 
1789);  C.  M.  Andrews,  The  Colonial  Period  (Home  University  Library, 
1912);  J.  A.  Doyle,  The  English  Colonies  in  America  (5  vols.,  1882-1907); 
John  Fiske's  historical  works  (11  vols.),  although  in  some  respects  super- 
seded, are  still  of  value  and  always  of  interest;  George  Bancroft,  History 
of  the  United  States  (6  vols.,  last  revision),  is  of  much  value,  although  fre- 
quently inaccurate  and  biased;  Francis  Parkman,  Half  Century  of  Conflict 
(2  vols.),  Montcalm  and  Wolfe  (2  vols.),  Conspiracy  of  Pontiac  (2  vols.),  are 
not  only  standard  authorities  on  the  conflict  between  France  and  England 
in  North  America,  but  are  eminently  readable. 

On  the  relations  of  the  colonies  with  the  mother  country,  a  phase  of  colo- 
nial history  which  is  coming  to  be  appreciated  more  and  more,  the  following 
general  works  are  of  importance:  G.  L.  Beer,  Origins  of  the  British  Colonial 
System,  1578-1660  (1908)  and  British  Colonial  Policy,  1754-1765  (1907); 
Osgood,  American  Colonies  (cited  above),  vol.  Ill;  O.  M.  Dickerson,  Amer- 
ican Colonial  Government,  1696-1765  (1912);  H.  E.  Egerton,  Short  History  of 

[ixj 


X  BIBLIOGRAPHICAL   NOTE 

British  Colonial  Policy  (2d  ed.,  revised);    W.  T.  Root.  Relations  of  Penn- 
sylvania with  the  British  Government,  1696-1765  (1912). 

Much  of  the  material  dealing  with  the  colonies  from  new  points  of  view, 
and  throwing  light  on  subjects  and  periods  hitherto  neglected,  has  not  yet 
found  its  way  into  general  histories,  but  exists  to  a  large  extent  in  the  shape 
of  short  articles  and  monographs.  These  are  to  be  found  in  the  Reports  of  the 
American  Historical  Association;  in  various  journals,  such  as  the  American 
Historical  Review,  American  Political  Science  Review,  Political  Science  Quar- 
terly, Yale  Review;  and  in  the  studies  in  history  and  politics  published  by  vari- 
ous universities,  such  as  the  Johns  Hopkins  University  Studies,  Columbia 
University  Studies,  University  of  Pennsylvania  Publications,  Harvard  His- 
torical Studies,  University  of  Wisconsin  Bulletins. 

SOURCES:  The  source  material  in  convenient  form  includes:  A.  B.  Hart,  His- 
tory as  Told  by  Contemporaries,  vols.  I-III;  Original  Narratives  of  American 
History,  J.  F.  Jameson,  general  editor;  William  MacDonald,  Select  Char- 
ters and  Select  Documents;  American  History  Leaflets;  Old  South  Leaflets. 
G.  S.  Callender,  Selections  from  the  Economic  History  of  United  States  (1909), 
pp.  1-238,  is  a  valuable  and  convenient  manual  of  sources  for  economic  condi- 
tions. Colonial  charters  and  the  first  state  constitutions  are  found  in  B.  P. 
Poore,  Federal  and  State  Constitutions  and  Colonial  Charters  (2  vols.);  F.  N. 
Thorpe,  Federal  and  State  Constitutions,  Colonial  Charters,  and  other  Organic 
Laws  (7  vols.).  W.  C.  Ford,  Journals  of  Continental  Congress,  and  Max 
Farrand,  Records  of  the  Federal  Convention  (3  vols.,  1911),  are  collections  of 
the  greatest  importance.  The  chief  printed  material  for  the  colonial  era 
is  found  in  the  British  Calendar  of  State  Papers,  Colonial  (14  vols.,  published 
to  1701);  Acts  of  the  Privy  Council,  Colonial,  1613-1785  (5  vols.);  and  the 
various  Colonial  Records  and  Archives  published  by  the  several  States. 

MAPS:  Attention  is  directed  to  the  excellent  maps  in  W.  R.  Shepherd,  Histor- 
ical Atlas,  in  the  various  volumes  of  the  American  Nation,  and  in  Avery, 
History  of  the  United  States. 

ABBREVIATIONS: 

J.  H.  S.  —  Johns  Hopkins  Studies  in  History  and  Politics. 

C.  U.  S.  —  Columbia  University  Studies  in  History,  Economics,  and  Public 

Law. 

A.  N.  S.  —  American  Nation  Series. 
O.  N.  S.  —  Original  Narrative  Series. 
A.  H.  A.  R.  —  American  Historical  Association  Reports. 


AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY 


AMERICAN    COLONIAL 
HISTORY 

PART  ONE 

PERIOD  OF  DISCOVERY,  EXPLORATION  AND 
COLONIZATION 


SECTION    I.     EUROPEAN    BACKGROUNDS 

A.  Pre-Columbian  Explorers. 

SECONDARY:  Avery,  Hist.  U.  S.,  I,  chs.  iii-iv;  Beazley,  Dawn  of 
Mod.  Geog.,  pt.  ii,  17  ff.;  Brittain,  Discovery  and  Exploration, 
3-38;  Channing,  Hist.  U.  S.,  I,  1-6;  Fiske,  Dis.  of  Amer.,  I,  ch. 
ii;  Payne,  Hist,  of  Amer.,  I,  74-90;  Slafter,  Voyages  of  the  North- 
men; Winsor,  Amer.,  I,  59-76. 

SOURCES:  Amer.  Hist.  Leaflets,  no.  3;  Hart,  Contemp.,  I,  no.  16; 
Northmen,  Columbus  and  Cabot  (O.  N.  S.),  14-74;  Old  So. 
Leaflets,  no.  31. 

1.  Various  legends  and  traditions. 

2.  The  Norsemen  in  the  New  World. 

(a)    Physical  and  historical  factors  making  Norse 

discovery  probable. 
(6)    Testimony  of  the  Sagas, 
(c)    Norse    discoveries    without    influence    on 

Europe. 

3.  Later  probable  voyages. 

B.  General   Causes   Opening  the   New  World  to  Europe, 

1200-1500. 

SECONDARY:  Beazley,  Dawn  of  Mod.  Geog.,  pt.  ii,  275  ff.,  293  ff., 
pt.  iii,  15  ff. ;  Beazley,  Marco  Polo  and  European  Expansion  of  the 


.-AMERICAN    COLONIAL    HISTORY          [  Part  I 

Middle  .Ages  .(Atlantic  Monthly,  Oct.,  1909);  Brooks,   Story    of 
.'•'MaYco  .t*do; -'Che^pey,  European  Backgrounds  (A.  N.  S.),  3-40; 
Cunningham,  Western  Civilization,  Mod.  Times,  138-215;  Fiske, 
Dis.  of  Amer.,  I,  269-294;  Helmholt,  Hist,  of  World,  I,  pt.  i,  1-10. 
SOURCES:  Marco  Polo  (Yule  ed.);  Old  So.  Leaflets,  no.  32. 
MAPS:  Cheyney,  European  Backgrounds  (A.  N.  S.)(  25,  35;   Muir, 
Atlas  Mod.   Hist,   21,  b;    Shepherd,  Hist.  Atlas,  92,  93,  98-99, 
102-103,    124;    Lit.  and  Hist.    Atlas    of    Europe    (Everyman's 
Lib.),  28. 

1.  General  awakening  of  Europe. 

(a)  Growth  of  secular  interests:  revival  of 
learning  and  development  of  vernacular 
literatures. 

(6)    Development  of  international  trade. 

(c)  Inventions:   printing,  gunpowder,  compass, 

etc. 

(d)  Increase  in  nautical  skill  and  audacity. 

(e)  Development  of  more  effectively  organized 

states:    royal    patronage    of    exploration 
and  discovery. 

2.  Relations  between  Europe  and  the  Orient. 

(a)    Mogul  conquests  and  results. 
(6)    European  travellers  to  the  East:    Carpini, 
Rubruquis,  the  Polos. 

(c)  Crusades  and  their  influence. 

(d)  Character  and  importance  of  trade  relations. 

(e)  Trade  routes. 

(/)  Commercial  prosperity  of  Mediterranean 
cities:  Genoa,  Venice,  Amalfi,  Mar- 
seilles, etc. 

(g)    Commercial  exchange  in  Europe. 

3.  Blockade  of  trade  routes  to  East. 

(a)  Breakdown  of  Mogul  Empire:  restoration 
of  native  dynasty  in  China. 


Section  II]     AMERICAN   COLONIAL  HISTORY 

(6)    Rise  and  conquests  of  Ottoman  Turks, 
(c)    Search  of  new  routes  to  East. 


SECTION  II.    THE  SEARCH  FOR  THE  INDIES 

A.  Mediaeval  Ideas  of  Cosmography. 

SECONDARY:    Beazley,   Dawn   of   Mod.   Geog.,   pt.   iii,   500-529; 

Bourne,    Essays   in   Historical    Criticism,    221-226;      Channing, 

Hist.  U.  S.,  I,  7-8;   Fiske,  Dis.  of  Amer.,    I,  256-269,  295-315; 

Vignaud,  Toscanelli  and  Columbus. 
SOURCE:  Old  So.  Leaflets,  no.  30. 
MAPS:   Lit.  and  Hist.  Atlas,  Amer.  (Everyman's  Lib.),  1;     Muir, 

Atlas  Mod.  Hist.,  37,  b,  c;  Fiske,  Dis.  of  Amer.,  I,  232,  265,  288, 

304,  357,  422,  429. 

1.  Theory  of  sphericity  of  the  earth. 

(a)   Ideas  of  Aristotle  and  Strabo. 

(6)    Roger  Bacon  and  the  Imago  Mundi. 

2.  Toscanelli's  map,  1474- 

(a)  Connection  with  discovery  of  America. 

(b)  Question  of  genuineness  of  map. 

3.  Behaim's  globe,  1492. 

B.  Italian  Contributions  to  Exploration. 

Cheyney,  European  Backgrounds  (A.  N.  S.),  41-59. 

1.  Cartographers  and  portolani. 

2.  Nautical  science. 

3.  Explorers:   Cabot,  Columbus,  Magellan,  etc. 

C.  Prince  Henry  of  Portugal:   Discovery  of  Eastern  Routes 

to  the  Orient. 

Beazley,  Prince  Henry,  chs.  vii,  ix,  x,  xiv,  xvii-xx;  Beazley,  Prince 
Henry  and  his  Colonizing  Work  (Amer.  Hist.  Rev.,  XVII,  252- 
267);  Bourne,  Essays  in  Historical  Criticism,  173-189;  Cheyney, 
European  Backgrounds  (A.  N.  S.),  41-78;  Fiske,  Dis.  of  Amer.,  I, 


6  AMERICAN    COLONIAL    HISTORY  [  Part  I 

316-334,  II,  18-22;    Hunter,  Hist,  of  Brit.  India,  I,   110-133; 
Keller,  Colonization.  79-90. 

1.  Motives   which   prompted    the    work    of    Prince 

Henry. 

2.  Preparations  for  the  work. 

3.  Prince  Henry's  captains. 

4.  Voyages  and  discoveries. 

5.  Cape  of  Good  Hope  and  Eastern  route. 

(a)   Diaz  turns  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  1486. 
(6)    Portuguese  explorations  down  the  east  coast 

of  Africa, 
(c)    Vasco  da  Gama  reaches  India,  1496. 

6.  Other  voyages. 

(a)    Cousin,  1488;  Cabral,  1500;  Cortereal,  1501. 

D.  The    Work    of    Christopher    Columbus    under    Spanish 
Patronage:  Discovery  of  the  West  Indies. 

SECONDARY:  Avery,  Hist.  U.  S.,  I,  chs.  vii-x,  xii,  xiv,  xv;  Bourne, 
Spain  in  Amer.  (A.  N.  S.),  8-29,  84-103;  Brittain,  Dis.  and 
Exploration,  275-295;  Channing,  Hist.  U.  S.,  I,  8-25,  42-47; 
Fiske,  Dis.  of  Amer.,  I,  335-446,  II,  99-164;  Keller,  Colonization, 
168-181;  Markham,  Columbus,  1-147;  Payne,  Hist,  of  Amer., 
I,  116-169,  202-210;  Winsor,  Amer.  II,  1-23. 

SOURCES:  Amer.  Hist.  Leaflets,  no.  1;  Hart.,  Contemp.,  I,  nos. 
17,  20;  Northmen,  Columbus  and  Cabot  (O.  N.  S.),  77-144, 
259-272;  Old  So.  Leaflets,  nos.  29,  33,  34. 

1.  Preparations  for  the  work. 

(a)    Investigation  of  literary  sources:    Book  of 

Marco  Polo,  Imago  Mundi,  etc. 
(6)  Experience  in  Portuguese  service, 
(c)  Columbus  and  Toscanelli. 

2.  Attempts  to  gain  a  patron. 

(a)    Overtures  in  Portugal  and  England. 

(6)    Assistance  from  Spain:   terms  of  contract. 


Section  III]     AMERICAN   COLONIAL  HISTORY  7 

3.  First  voyage. 

(a)   Preparations. 

(6)    Discoveries  made. 

4.  Impression  of  discoveries  on  Europe. 

5.  The  naming  of  the  New  World. 

(a)    Voyages  of  Amerigo  Vespucci. 
(6)    Knowledge  of  voyages :  Soderini  and  Medici 
letters. 

(c)  Waldseemiiller  and  "America." 

(d)  Use  of  name  "America"  in  Europe. 

E.  The  Work  of  John  Cabot  under  English  Patronage. 

SECONDARY:  Bourne,  Spain  in  Amer.  (A.  N.  S.).  54-66;  Beazley, 
John  and  Seb.  Cabot,  33-140;  Channing,  Hist.  U.  S.,  I,  33-42; 
Fiske,  Dis.  of  Amer.,  II,  1-22;  Harrisse,  John  and  Seb.  Cabot, 
36-148;  Weare,  Cabot's  Discovery;  Winsor,  Amer.,  Ill,  1-7. 

SOURCES:  Amer.  Hist.  Leaflets,  no.  9;  Hart,  Con  temp.,  I,  nos.  26, 
48;  Northmen,  Columbus  and  Cabot  (O.  N.  S.),  421-430;  Old 
So.  Leaflets,  nos.  37,  115. 

1.  Royal  charter  to  John  Cabot,  1496. 

2.  His  voyages,  1497-1498. 

3.  Sebastian  Cabot  myth. 

(a)    Favorable  view  of  Fiske. 

(6)    View  of  Bourne  and  Harrisse. 


SECTION   III.     EXPLORATION   AND   COLONI- 
ZATION TO    1588 

A.  Physical  Geography  of  North  America:   Connection  with 
History. 

Brigham,  Geog.  Influence  in  Amer.  Hist.,  chs.  i,  iii;  Channing, 
Student's  Hist.  U.  S.,  1-17;  Farrand,  Basis  of  Amer. 
Hist.  (A.  N.  S.),  3-69;  George,  Relations  of  Geog.  and  Hist., 
283-288;  Low,  The  Amer.  People,  L  3-83;  Semple,  Amer.  Hist. 
and  Geog.  Conditions,  1-52. 


8  AMERICAN    COLONIAL    HISTORY  [  Part  I 

1.  Importance  of  geography  in  its  relation  to  history. 

2.  Physiography  of  North  America. 

(a)    Configuration,  climate,  resources. 
(6)    Influence  on  European  settlers. 

3.  Natural  conditions  affecting  European  settlements. 

(a)   Spanish:  why  not  more  successful. 

(6)    French. 

(c)    English:   apparent  disadvantages  a  help. 

B.  Basis   for   the    Determination   of   European    Claims   in 

America. 

Bourne,  Spain  in  Amer.  (A.  N.  S.),  29-32;  Bourne,  Essays  in  Hist. 
Criticism,  193-220;  Bourne,  lanes  of  Demarcation  (A.  H.  A.  R., 
1891,  101-130) ;  Cheyney,  International  Law  under  Queen  Eliz. 
(Eng.  Hist.  Rev.,  XX,  659-672);  Hall,  International  Law,  100- 
125;  Harrisse,  Diplomatic  Hist,  of  Amer.,  1-91;  Hinsdale  (Ohio 
Arch,  and  Hist.  Quar.,  II,  349);  Payne,  Hist,  of  Amer.,  243-246; 
Story,  Commentaries,  sees.  1-37. 

1.  Spanish  and  Portuguese  claims. 

(a)    Pope  as  arbiter:   Papal  line  of  demarcation, 

1493. 

(6)    Convention  of  Tordesillas,  1494. 
(c)    Attitude   of    France   and   England   toward 

claims. 

2.  Rise  of  new  principles  in  international  relations. 

(a)   Absolute  title  by  priority  of  discovery. 

(6)    Occupation  and  settlement. 

(c)    Comparison  with  modern  principles. 

C.  Spanish  Exploration  and  Colonization. 

SECONDARY:  Bourne,  Spain  in  Amer.  (A.  N.  S.),  33-53,  67-83, 
104-174,  243-253;  Brittaia,  Discovery  and  Exploration,  315-361; 
Channing,  Hist.  U.  S.,  I,  47-54,  59-85;  Fiske,  Dis.  of  Amer.,  I, 
ch.  vi,  II,  180-210,  239-259, 483-492,  500-511;  Hamilton,  Coloni- 
zation of  the  South,  3-25;  Lowery,  Spanish  Settlements  in  U.  S., 


Section  III  ]     AMERICAN   COLONIAL  HISTORY  9 

123-337;    Morris,   Hist,   of  Colonization,   I,   230-259;    Winsor, 

Amer.,  II,  231-283,  349-397,  473-498. 
SOURCES:    Amer.  Hist.  Leaflets,  no.  13;    Hart,  Contemp.,  I,  nos. 

23,  24;    Old  So.  Leaflets,  nos.  20,  36,  39;    Spanish  Explorers 

(O.  N.  S.). 
MAPS:  Avery,  Hist.  U.  S.,  I,  243,  287,  296. 

1.  Voyages  of  Columbus  and  followers,  1492-1512. 

2.  Discovery  of  Pacific:  Balboa,  1513. 

3.  Circumnavigation  of  the  globe:  Magellan,  1520. 

4.  Exploration  of  Gulf  and  Atlantic  coasts. 

(a)   Atlantic  coast:   Gomez,  1524;   De  Ayllon, 

1526. 

(6)    Florida:  Ponce  de  Leon,  1513,  1521. 
(c)    Conquest  of  Mexico:   Cortez,  1519-1521. 

5.  Exploration  of  interior  of  North  America. 

(a)   Wanderings  of  Cabeza  de  Vaca,  1527-1536. 
(6)    Expedition  of  De  Soto,  1539-1543. 
(c)    Expedition  of  Coronado,  1540-1542. 

6.  Spanish  settlements. 

(a)   In  West  Indies. 

(6)    In   North  America:    St.   Augustine,   1565; 

Sante  Fe,  1580. 
(c)    Extent  of  Spanish  immigration  to  America. 

D.  French  Exploration  and  Colonization. 

SECONDARY:  Bourne,  Spain  in  Amer.  (A.  N.  S.),  143-148,  175-189; 
Charming,  Hist.  U.  S.,  I,  90-110;  Doyle,  Eng.  Cols.,  I,  82-98; 
Fiske,  Dis.  of  Amer.,  II,  493-499,  511-522;  Hamilton,  Coloni- 
zation of  South,  27-41;  Parkman,  Pioneers,  32-47,  96-130; 
Winsor,  Amer.,  IV,  1-12. 

SOURCES:  Early  Eng.  and  Fr.  Voyages  (O.  N.  S.),  1-86;  Hart, 
Contemp.,  I,  nos.  34,  35,  36;  Old  So.  Leaflets,  no.  17. 

1.   Explorations. 

(a)   Verrazzano,  1524. 
(6)    Cartier,  1534-1535. 


10  AMERICAN    COLONIAL    HISTORY  [  Part  I 

2.   Attempted  colonization.  • 

(a)    Religious  conditions  in  France. 
(6)    Huguenots  in  Florida,  1562-1565. 
(c)    Causes  of  failure. 


E.   Beginnings  of  English  Colonial  Expansion. 

SECONDARY:  Beer,  Origins  of  British  Col.  System,  ch.  i;  Channing, 
Hist.  U.  S.,  I,  115-140;  Doyle,  Eng.  Cols.,  I,  43-73;  Froude, 
Eng.  Seamen,  1-152;  Hume,  Sir  Walter  Raleigh,  chs.  iv,  v; 
Innes,  England  under  the  Tudors,  340-354;  Osgood,  Amer. 
Cols.,  I,  8-22;  Raleigh,  W.,  Eng.  Voyages  of  16th  Cent.,  1-147; 
Scott,  W.  R.,  Eng.  Joint  Stock  Cos.,  II,  241-245;  Tyler, 
Eng.  in  Amer.  ( A.  N.  S.),  3-33;  Winsor,  Amer.,  Ill,  59-74, 
105-121. 

SOURCES:  Early  Eng.  and  Fr.  Voyages  (O.  N.  S.),  105-171,  175-321; 
Hart,  Contemp.,  I,  nos.  29,  30,  31,  33;  Old  So.  Leaflets,  nos.  92, 
116,  118,  119. 

1.  Lack  of  interest  in  colonization  prior  to   time  of 

Queen  Elizabeth. 

(a)    Troubles  with  the  Papacy:   Henry  Eighth. 
(6)    Restoration  of  Catholicism:   Queen  Mary. 

2.  The  English  seamen. 

(a)    Motives  which  prompted  attacks  on  Spanish 

power. 

(6)    Sir  John  Hawkins,  1562-1567. 
(c)    Sir  Francis  Drake,  1570-1580. 

3.  Attempted  colonization. 

(a)  The  proprietary  agency:  historical  prece- 
dents. 

(6)  Sir  Humphrey  Gilbert  and  Newfoundland, 
1578-1583. 

(c)    Sir  Walter  Raleigh  and  Roanoke,  1585-1591. 

4.  Causes  of  failure. 

(a)    Spanish  hostility:   the  Armada,  1588. 


Section  IV]     AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY  11 

(6)    Poor  character  of  settlers. 

(c)    Insufficiency  of  private  agency. 

F.  Effect  of  New  World  on  the  Old  World. 

Seeley,  Expansion  of  England,  ch.  v;  Helmholt,  Hist,  of  World, 
Western  Europe,  pt.  1,  66-71. 

MAPS:  On  discovery  and  exploration;  Dow,  Atlas  European  Hist., 
16;  Bourne,  Spain  in  Amer.  (A.  N.  S.),  35,  117;  Fiske,  Dis.  of 
Amer.,  I,  324,  469,  493,  II,  99,  201;  Lit.  and  Hist.  Atlas,  Amer. 
(Everyman's  Lib.),  2,  3,  4;  Muir,  Atlas  Mod.  Hist.,  37,  a;  Shep- 
herd, Hist.  Atlas,  105,  107-110. 


SECTION   IV.     THE   COMMERCIAL  COMPANIES 

AND   THE   EXPLOITATION   OF  AMERICA 

1600-1620 

A.  Situation  in  Europe  at  the  Opening  of  the  Seventeenth 

Century. 

Cheyney,  Some  Eng.  Conditions  Surrounding  the  Settlement  of  Va. 
(Amer.  Hist.  Rev.,  XII,  507-528);  Keller,  Colonization,  168- 
206;  Innes,  England  under  the  Tudors,  369-390. 

1.  Decline  of  Spanish  colonial  activity:  reasons. 

2.  Revival  of  French  interest. 

3.  The  rise  of  Dutch  colonial  enterprise. 

4.  Renewed  English  interest. 

B.  The  Motives  and  Theories  of  Colonization. 

SECONDARY:    Beer,  Origin  of  Brit.  Col.   System,    1-78;     Bruce, 

Econ.  Hist.  Va.,  I,  ch.  i. 
SOURCES:   Brown,  Genesis  of  U.  S.,  I,  36-41;   Hart,  Contemp.,  I, 

nos.  44,  45,  46;  Old  So.  Leaflets,  no.  437. 

1.  The    writings     of     Hakluyt,    Gilbert,     Peckham, 

Raleigh,   Carleill,   etc. 

2.  Immigration  and  overpopulation. 

(a)    Fallacy  of  this  view. 


12  AMERICAN   COLONIAL  HISTORY  [  Part  I 

S.   Subsidiary  motives. 

(a)    Search  for  north-west  passage. 

(6)    Spread  of  Christianity. 

(c)    Attacks  on  Spanish  power. 
4.   Economic  purposes  of  colonization. 

(a)   Fisheries  and  development  of  sea  power. 

(6)  Colonization  as  a  means  of  lessening  eco- 
nomic dependence  on  foreign  nations. 

C.  The  System  of  Chartered  Commercial  Companies. 

SECONDARY:  Beer,  Origins  Brit.  Col.  System,  182-188,  221-228; 
Cheyney,  European  Backgrounds  (A.  N.  S.),  147-167;  Osgood, 
Amer.  Cols.,  II,  3-4;  Scott,  W.  R.,  Eng.  Joint  Stock  Cos.,  II, 
246-248. 

SOURCES:  Early  Eng.  and  Fr.  Voyages  (O.  N.  S.),  355-394;  Mac- 
Donald,  Select  Charters,  1-11;  Brown,  First  Rep.,  1-20. 

1.   Origin  and  nature  of  the  trading  companies. 

(a)  Rise  of  trading  company:  historical  prece- 
dents. 

(6)  Comparison  of  joint-stock  and  regulated 
companies. 

(c)  Influence  of  trading  companies  on  English 

colonial  and  commercial  expansion. 

(d)  Comparison   of   methods   of   northern   and 

southern  Europe. 

The  trading  company  as  a  colonizing  agency. 
\o))  East  India  Company,  1600. 
(6)    Preparations    for    American    colonization: 

voyages  and  reports  of  Pring,  Weymouth, 

etc. 
(c)    Individuals   and   classes   interested   in   the 

movement. 


Section  IV]     AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY  13 


[  (d)  /Incorporation  of  the  London  and  Plymouth 

V.   y  .  ~-  ^>—  —  ^.       v-~  —  —  —  .  —  ._ 

companies:    organization,  powers,  privi- 

leges. 
(e)    Anomalous  character  of  the  charter. 

D.  The  London  Company  in  Virginia,  1607-1624. 

^ECONDARYr-ehamring,  Hist.  UrS^  I  ,-  143::I7S2,l76::224  ;  Doyle, 
Eng.  Cols.,  I,  101-142,  151-184;  Fiske,  Old  Va.  and  her  Neigh- 
bors, I,  70-222;  Kingsbury,  Comparison  Va.  Comp.  with  other 
Comps.  (A.  H.  A.  R.,  1906,  1,  159);  Osgood,  Amer.  Cols.,  I,  23-90; 
Scott,  Joint  Stock  Cos.,  II,  248-259,  266-289;  Scisco,  Plantation 
Type  of  Colony  (Amer.  Hist.  Rev.,  VIII,  260);  Tyler,  Eng.  in 
Amer.  (A.  N.  S.),  34-90;  Winsor,  Amer.,  Ill,  127-153. 

SOURCES:  Amer.  Hist.  Leaflets,  no.  27;  Hart.  Contemp.,  I,  nos.  62, 
63;  Nar.  of  Early  Va.  (O.  N.  S.),  1-71,  121-203,  205-223. 

MAPS:  Tyler,  Eng.  in  Amer.  (A.  N.  S.),  35,  77;  Avery,  Hist.  U.  S., 
II,  36,  38,  41,  53. 

1.    Underthecharter 


(a)   Poor    character   of    settlers:     passion    for 

gold. 
(6)    Unfavorable  climatic  conditions. 

(c)  Precarious  source  of  supplies. 

(d)  Unreasonable  demands  of  the  company. 

(e)  Conciliar  government  too  cumbersome. 

(/)    Work  of  Captain  John  Smith:   authenticity 

of  his  writings. 
2.    Under  the  administration  of  Sir 


(a)  Charters  of  1609,  1612;   analysis. 

(b)  Joint-stock  system  in  land  and  trade. 

(c)  Administration  of  system. 

(d)  Fortunes  of  colony  under  Dale,  Yeardley, 

Argall. 

(e)  Inroads  on  joint-stock  system. 


14  AMERICAN   COLONIAL  HISTORY  [  Part  I 

3.    Under  thgJSan^s-Southampton  reginiejLJ619-1624' 
(a)    Factions  in  the  company  :  triumphoTTiberal—  -. 

element. 
(6)    New    land    tenure:     transition    to    private 

holdings. 

(c)  Grant    of    political    privileges    to    settlers: 

House  of  Burgesses,  1619. 

(d)  Growth  and  fortunes  of  colony. 

(e)  Dissolution  of  the  company.    (See  p.  47-48.) 

E.   The  PJym0ttth-Gempany:4aJNew  England. 

SECONDARY:  Andrews,  Colonial  Period,  9-41;  Doyle,  Eng.  Cols.,  II, 
22-525;  Fry,  New  Hampshire  (C.  U.  S.,  XXIX,  17-27);  Osgood, 
Amer.  Cols.,  I,  98-103,  119-127;  Scott,  Joint  Stock  Cos.,  II. 
301-306;  Tyler,  Eng.  in  Amer.  (A.  N.  S.),  149-152. 

SOURCES:  Hart,  Contemp.,  I,  no.  51;  MacDonald,  Select  Charters, 
23-33. 

1.   Attempjed^glo^^ 

"(a)   Settlement  at  Sagadahoc. 
(6)    Difficulties  and  abandonment. 
(c)    Comparison    with    Jamestown    settlement, 
1607-1610. 


latioii  to  early  Ply  mouthTCbmpany  . 
(6)    Circumstances    surrounding    the    grant    of 
charter. 

(c)  Organization  and  powers  of  council:    com- 

parison with  other  trading  companies. 

(d)  Unsuccessful  efforts  to  found  a  colony. 
3.    TheJVew  EnglandrGmm^il-as-aJmid^company. 

(a)    Nature  of  grants  :   private  and  public~plan- 

tations. 
(6)    Private  plantations:    grants  to  Pierce  and 

associates,  Lyconia  Company,  etc. 


Section  V]     AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY  15 

(c)  Public    plantations:     grants    to    Mason, 

Gorges,  Massachusetts  Bay  Company. 

(d)  Dissolution  of  the  New  England  Council. 

F.  The  Dutch  and  Swedish  Companies  in  America. 

SECONDARY:  Cheyney,  European  Backgrounds  (A.  N.  S.),  152-156; 
Channing,  Hist.  U.  S.,  I,  438-460;  Doyle,  Eng.  Cols.,  IV,  1-12, 
54-67;  Fiske,  Dutch  and  Quaker  Cols.,  I,  96-126;  Johnson, 
Swedish  Settlements  on  Del.,  I,  33-157;  Keller,  Colonization, 
366-415;  Winsor,  Amer.,  IV,  395-409,  442-488. 

SOURCES:  Hart,  Contemp.,  I,  nos.  150,  151,  153,  158,  159;  Nar. 
Early  New  Neth.  (O.  N.  S.),  1-90;  Nar.  Early  Pa.  and  Del. 
(O.  N.  S.),  1-29,  91-150,  167-176. 

MAPS:  Tyler,  Eng.  in  Amer.  (A.  N.  S.),  296;  A  very,  Hist.  U.  S., 
II,  257;  Johnson,  Swedish  Settlements,  I,  164,  II,  496. 

1.  The  Dutch  West  India  Company. 

(a)  Basis  of  Dutch  interest  in  colonization. 

(b)  Organization    of    the    Dutch    West    India 

Company,  1621. 

(c)  Founding  of  New  Netherlands. 

2.  Swedish  settlements  on  the  Delaware. 

(a)  Conditions  in  Sweden. 

(b)  Organization  of  New  Sweden  Company. 

(c)  Founding  of  colony  on  the  Delaware. 

3.  Relations  between  the  Dutch  and  Swedes. 

(a)  Contest  for  control  of  the  Delaware. 

(b)  Dutch  conquest,  1655. 

SECTION  V.     THE   GREAT  EMIGRATION 

1620-1640 
A.   Religious  Situation  in  England. 

Cheyney,  European  Backgrounds  (A.  N.  S.),  216-239;  Channing, 
Hist.  U.  S.,  I,  271-291;  Gardiner,  Puritan  Revolution,  13-17, 
80-93,  115-129;  Innes,  England  under  the  Tudors,  414-427; 


16  AMERICAN   COLONIAL  HISTORY  [Part  I 

Palfrey,  Hist.  New  Eng.,  I,  101-132;  Shaw,  Elizabethan  Pres- 
byterianism  (Eng.  Hist.  Rev.,  Ill,  655);  Trevelyan,  Eng.  under 
the  Stuarts,  76-81;  Winsor,  Amer.,  Ill,  219-5244. 

1.  The  English  Reformation. 

(a)    A  national  church  established:    acts  of  Su- 
premacy and  Uniformity. 
(6)    Rise  of  dissent. 

2.  Development  of  Puritanism  and  Separatism. 

(a)   The  "Marian  Exile." 
(6)    Conformists:  Puritans, 
(c)    Non-Conformists:     Separatists    and    Pres- 
byterians. 

3.  Policy  of  the  state  against  Puritans  and  Separatists. 

(a)    Persecution  of  Brownists  or  Separatists. 
(6)    The  Hampton  Court  Conference,  1604. 
(c)    Persecution  and  its  consequences. 

4.  Intolerance  the  rule  throughout  Christendom. 

B.  Political  Situation  in  England. 

SECONDARY:  Cheyney,  European  Backgrounds  (A.  N.  S.),  240-260; 

Gardiner,   Puritan  Rev.,  46-76,   94-99;    Hosmer,   Anglo-Saxon 

Freedom,  chs.  vii,  ix,  x;    Trevelyan,  Eng.  under  the  Stuarts, 

156-194. 
SOURCES:   Old  So.  Leaflets,  nos.  23,  24;   Prothero,  Select  Statutes 

and  Documents,  340-359. 

1.  Conflict  between  the  Crown  and  Parliament. 

(a)  Theory  of  Divine  Right  versus  Parlia- 
mentary Supremacy. 

(6)  Struggle  over  rights  of  Englishmen  and 
privileges  of  Parliament. 

(c)    Religious  element  in  the  political  struggle. 

2.  The  Civil  War,  1641-1649. 

(a)    The  Long  Parliament. 
(6)    The  Grand  Remonstrance. 


Section  V]     AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY  17 

3.   Influence  of  religious  and  political  disturbance  on 
colonization. 

C.  The  Pilgrims  and  Plymouth  Company. 

SECONDARY:  Brown,  Pilgrim  Fathers,  15-136,  158-238;  Channing, 
Hist.  U.  S.,  I,  293-317;  Doyle,  Eng.  Cols.,  II,  2^-64;  Osgood, 
Amer.  Cols.,  1, 105-118;  Scott,  Eng.  Joint  Stock  Cos.,  II,  306-311; 
Scisco,  Plantation  Type  of  Colony  (Amer.  Hist.  Rev.,  VIII,  260) ; 
Tyler,  Eng.  in  Amer.  (A.  N.  S.),  149-162;  Winsor,  Amer.,  Ill, 
219-244. 

SOURCES:  Amer.  Hist.  Leaflets,  no.  29;  Bradford,  Hist.  Plymouth 
Plantation  (O.  N.  S.),  23-158;  Hart,  Contemp.,  I,  nos.  49,  97, 
99;  MacDonald,  Select  Charters,  51-53;  Old  So.  Leaflets,  no.  153. 

MAP:  A  very,  Hist.  U.  S.,  II,  103. 

1.  The  Pilgrims  in  England  and  Holland. 

(a)    Cradle  of  the  movement. 
(6)    Religious  ideals:  leaders. 

(c)  Persecution  at  home  and  flight  to  Holland. 

(d)  Reasons  for  leaving  Holland. 

2.  The  Pilgrims  in  America. 

(a)   Early   negotiations   between   Pilgrims   and 

London  Company. 
(6)    Founding    and    early    fortunes    of    colony: 

Indians,  sickness,  supplies. 

3.  The  joint-stock  system. 

(d)   Patent  from  the  New  England  Council. 
(6)    Relations  between  settlers  and  adventurers. 

(c)  Colonists  purchase  claims  of  adventurers. 

(d)  Joint-stock  system  for  trade  in  the  colony. 

4.  Extent  of  population.  '* 

D.  The  Puritans  and  Massachusetts  Bay  Company,  1629. 

SECONDARY:  Channing,  Hist.  U.  S.,  I,  322-340;  Doyle,  Eng.  Cols., 
II,  83-103;  Osgood,  Amer.  Cols.,  I,  128-152;  Scott,  Eng.  Joint 
Stock  Cos.,  II,  312-315;  Tyler,  Eng.  in  Amer.  (A.  N.  S.),  183-200; 
Twitchell,  John  Winthrop,  chs.  i-iv;  Winsor,  Amer.,  Ill,  295-313. 

3 


18  AMERICAN    COLONIAL   HISTORY  [  Part  I 

SOURCES:  Amer.  Hist.  Leaflet,  no.  31;  Hart,  Contemp.,  I,  nos.  52, 
105,  106;  Johnson,  Wonder  Working  Providence  (O.  N.  S.), 
23-65;  Journals  of  John  Winthrop  (O.  N.  S.),  I,  24-71; 
MacDonald,  Select  Charters,  37-43;  Old  So.  Leaflets,  nos.  7,  154. 

MAPS:  Avery,  Hist.  U.  S.,  II,  133,  164,  361;  Mathews,  Expansion 
New  Eng.,  15. 

1.  Early  settlements  in  Massachusetts. 

(a)    Dorchester  fishing  adventure  at  Cape  Ann. 
(6)    Grant  to  Massachusetts  Bay  Company  from 

New  England  Council,  1628. 
(c)    Government  at  Salem:   John  Endicott. 

2.  The  Puritan  Exodus,  1629-1640. 

(a)    Personal  rule  of  Charles  I. 

(6)    Laud's  policy  of  "Thorough"  in  church. 

3.  Royal  charter  to  Massachusetts  Bay  Company,  1629. 

(a)    Circumstances  surrounding  the  grant. 

(6)    Cambridge  Agreement:    transfer  of  charter 

and  company  to  colony, 
(c)    Significance  of  the  removal. 

4.  Early  history  of  the  colony. 

(a)    Number  and  character  of  settlers. 
(6)    Early  settlements. 
(c)    Leaders. 

E.  The  Expansion  of  New  England. 

SECONDARY:    Andrews,  Conn.  River  Towns  (J.  H.  S.,  VII,  1-31); 

Channing,  Hist.  U.  S.,  I,  382-411;  Doyle,  Eng.  Cols.,  II,  149-158, 

179-184,  190-196,  201-219;    Belknap,  New  Hampshire,  I,  chs. 

i.  ii,  iv;  Fry,  New  Hampshire  (C.  U.  S.,  XXIX,  31-65);  Osgood, 
*    Amer.  Cols.,  I,  371-376,  382-388;    Richman,  Rhode  Island,  I, 

chs.  i-iv;   Trumbull,  Conn.,  I,  chs.  iv,  v;   Tyler,  Eng.  in  Amer. 

(A.  N.  S.),  229-281;   Walker,  Thos.  Hooker,  chs.  i-iv. 
SOURCES:  Hart,  Contemp.,  I,  nos.  113,  117,  118;  Johnson,  Wonder 

Working  Providence  (O.  N.  S.),  105-107. 
MAPS:  Avery,  Hist.  U.  S.,  II,  286,  340;  Mathews.  Expansion  of  New 

Eng.,  21,  23,  35. 


Section  V]     AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY  19 

1.  Colonization  of  Narragansett  Bay. 

(a)    Causes  which  led  to  settlement. 

(6)    Founding  of  Providence:   Roger  Williams. 

(c)  Founding  of  Portsmouth  and  Newport. 

(d)  Settlement  at  Warwick:  Samuel  Gorton. 

2.  Colonization  of  Connecticut. 

(a)    Grant  to  Lords  Brooke  and  Saye  and  Sele. 
(6)    Dutch   and   Pilgrims   on   the    Connecticut 

River. 
(c)    Settlement  of  the  Connecticut  River  towns; 

causes  of  exodus  from  Massachusetts. 

3.  Colonization  in  Maine  and  New  Hampshire. 

(a)    Private  settlements. 
(6)    Founding  of  Dover,  Exeter,  etc. 
(c)    Massachusetts     extends    jurisdiction     over 
Maine  and  New  Hampshire. 


F.  The  Catholics  and  the  Founding  of  Maryland. 

SECONDARY:  Browne,  George  and  Cecil  Calvert,  chs.  i-iv;  Chan- 
ning,  Hist.  U.  S.,  I,  241-256;  Doyle,  Eng.  Cols.,  I,  275-284;  Fiske, 
Old  Va.  and  Neighbors,  I,  255-285;  Hall,  The  Lords  Baltimore, 
chs.  i-iii;  Steiner,  Beginnings  of  Md.  (J.  H.  S.,  XXI,  359-426); 
Tyler,  Eng.  in  Amer.  (A.  N.  S.),  118-130. 

SOURCES:  Nar.  Early  Md.  (O.  N.  S.),  11-100;  Hart,  Contemp., 
I,  nos.  72,  73;  MacDonald,  Select  Charters,  53-59. 

MAPS:  Avery,  Hist.  U.  S.,  II;  201,  III,  55;  Tyler,  Eng.  in  Amer.,  133. 

1.   Position  of  the  Catholics  in  England. 

Cheyney,  European  Backgrounds  (A.  N.  S.),  200-215 ;»  Merriman, 
Eng.  Catholics  in  Reign  of  Eliz.  (Amer.  Hist.  Rev.,  XIII,  480-500) ; 
Trevelyan,  Eng.  under  the  Stuarts,  82-99. 

(a)    Penal  legislation  against  the  Catholics. 
(6)    Catholics  not  colonizers;   reasons. 


20  AMERICAN    COLONIAL   HISTORY  [  Part  I 

2.   Lord  Baltimore. 

(a)  Character  and  early  career. 

(6)  Early  interest  in  colonization. 

(c)  Treatment  in  Virginia. 
&    The  charter  and  colony. 

(a)  Nature  of  the  charter. 

(6)  Founding  of  colony  :  purposes  of  Baltimore. 

(c)  Early  fortunes  of  colony. 


SECTION  VI.    THE  PROPRIETARY  COLONIES 
1660-1682 

A.  Revival  of  Interest  in  Colonization.     (See  p.  60.) 

1.   Evidences  of  renewed  interest. 

(a)    Passage  of  Acts  of  Trade. 

(6)  Expansion  of  commerce  and  colonization 
through  new  trading  companies,  pro- 
prietary agencies,  and  conquest. 

(c)  Statesmen  and  merchants  interested  in 
movement. 

B.  Conquest  of  New  Netherlands,  1664. 

SECONDARY:  Andrews,  Col.  Self  Gov't.  (A.  N.  S.),  ch.  v;  Channing, 
^TEst.  U.  S.,  II,  31-40;  Doyle,  Eng.  Cols.,  IV,  78-107. 
SOURCES:    Hart,  Con  temp.,  I,  no.   155;    Nar.  Early  New  Neth. 
(O.  N.  S.),  455-456. 

1.  Basis  of  English  hostility  to  the  Dutch. 

(a)    Commercial  rivalry. 

(6)  Reasons  for  removing  Dutch  power  from 
the  Hudson. 

2.  The  conquest. 

(a)  Grant  to  the  Duke  of  York:  nature  and 
extent. 


Section  VI]     AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY  21 

(b)  Sub-grant  to  Berkeley^and  Carteret. 

(c)  Conquest  and  terms  of  surrender. 
3.    Extent  and  character  of  the  population. 

C.  Tfee  Founding  of  the  Carolinas. 

SECONDAKT:  Andrews,  Col.  Period,  42-61;  Andrews,  Col.  Self 
Gov't.  (A.  N.  S.),  ch.  ix;  Channing,  Hist.  U.  S.,  II,  13-25;  Doyle, 
Eng.  Cols.,  I,  328-334;  Fiske,  Old  Va.  and  Neighbors,  II,  270-278; 
McCrady,  So.  Car.  under  Prop.  Gov't.,  39-93;  Osgood,  Amer. 
Cols.,  II,  200-208,  232-233. 

SOURCES:  Hart,  Contemp.,  I,  nos.  78,  79;  Nar.  Early  Car.(O.  N.  S.), 
63-134. 

MAPS:  A  very,  Hist.  U.  S.,  Ill,  13,  14;  Andrews,  Col.  Self  Gov't. 
(A.  N.  S.),  204. 

1.  The  Albemarle  colony. 

2.  The  attempts  to  colonize  at  Cape  Fear. 

3.  The  chartejrJ&-B&'keley,  Carteret,  Clarendon^etc. 

(a)  Personnel  of  board  of  proprietors. 

(b)  Their  powers. 

4.  Founding  of  ike  colony. 

(a)  Failure  of  first  attempt. 

(b)  Second  attempt. 

(c)  Extent  and  character  of  population. 

D.  The  Founding  of  New  Jersey. 

Andrews,  Col.  Self  Gov't.  (A.  N.  S.),  101-109;  Channing,  Hist. 
U.  S.,  II,  44-50;  Doyle,  Eng.  Cols.,  IV,  125-129,  290;  Osgood, 
Amer.  Cols.,  II,  169-173. 

1.  Dutch  and  Swedish  settlements. 

2.  Patent  to  Berkeley  and  Carteret. 

3.  Puritan  settlements. 

E.  The  Quakers  in  America. 

"~~SECONDARY:  Andrews,  Col.  Self  Gov't.  (A.  N.  S.),  162-175;  Chan- 
ning, Hist.  U.  S.,  II,  56-59,  94-116;  Doyle,  Eng.  Cols.,  IV,  287- 
290,  299-303,  316-319,  379-387;  Fiske,  Dutch  and  Quaker  Cols.. 


22  AMERICAN    COLONIAL   HISTORY  [  Part  I 

II,  99-167;   Fisher,  True  Wm.  Penn.,  chs.  iii,  iv,  v,  vi,  xiii,  xiv; 

Jones,  The  Quakers  in  Amer.,  3-44,  357-371,  417-422;  Trevelyan, 

Eng.  under  the  Stuarts,  312-315;   Sharpless,  Quaker  Experiment 

in  Gov't.,  7-20. 
SOURCES:    Hart,  Contemp.,   I,  nos.   161,   163,   167;    MacDonald, 

Select  Charters,   183-190;    Nar.    Early    Pa.    and   West   Jersey 

(O.  N.  S.),  197-215,  255-276,  392-412,  449-458. 
MAPS:   Avery,  Hist.  U.  S.,  Ill,  84,  97;   Andrews,  Col.  Self  Gov't. 

(A.  N.  S.),  255. 

1.  Situation  of  Quakers  in  England  and  the  colonies. 

(a)    Quakers  and  the  Clarendon  Code. 

(6)    Persecution  of  the  Quakers  in  the  colonies. 

(c)    Necessity  of  forming  their  own  colonies. 

2.  Beginnings  of  Quaker  interest  in  colonization. 

(a)    Quaker  missionaries  to  America. 

(6)    Visit  of  George  Fox. 

(c)    Penn's  interest  in  America. 

3.  New  Jersey  as  a  Quaker  colony. 

(a)    Process  by  which  Quakers  secure  possession. 
(6)    Early  Quaker  settlements. 

4.  Pennsylvania:  a  Quaker  Experiment. 

(a)    Circumstances  surrounding  the  royal  grant 

to  Penn. 
(6)    Penn's  advertisement  of  his  colony. 

(c)  Founding  of  the  colony. 

(d)  Population:      Dutch,     Swedes,     Germans, 

Quakers. 

(e)  Delaware  becomes  part  of  colony. 

F.   Summary  of  Seventeenth  Century  English  Colonization. 
1.   Motives  which  actuated  colonization, 
(a)   Economic. 
(6)    Religious  and  political. 
(c)    Influence  on  colonial  development. 


Section  VI]     AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY  23 

2.  The  agencies  of  colonization. 

(a)  Proprietorship. 

(b)  Trading  corporation. 

(c)  Relation  to  home  government  and  tp  settlers. 

3.  The  joint-stock  system  in  founding  colonies. 

(a)    In  Virginia,  Plymouth,  and  Maine  and  New 
Hampshire. 

4.  Extent  of  settlement. 

5.  Number,  distribution,  and  nationality  of  popula- 

tion. 

MAPS:  Showing  spread  of  colonization;  Andrews,  Col.  Self  Gov't. 
(A.  N.  S.),  41,  204,  255,  273;  Avery,  Hist.  U.  S.,  II,  308,  398, 
III,  112;  Channing,  Hist.  U.  S.,  I,  510;  Mathews,  Expansion  of 
New  Eng.,  35;  Muir,  Atlas  Mod.  Hist.,  42,  a,  b,  c;  Shepherd, 
Hist.  Atlas,  189,  192,  193;  Lit.  and  Hist.  Atlas,  Amer.  (Every- 
man's Lib.),  6. 


PART  Two 

POLITICAL    AND    INSTITUTIONAL 
DEVELOPMENT 

1606-1689 


SECTION  I.     GOVERNMENT  IN  THE 
CORPORATE   COLONIES 

A.  Classification  of  the  Colonies. 

Osgood,  Amer.  Cols.,  I,  xxv-xxxii. 

1.  Corporate  colonies;  democratic  in  form. 

2.  Proprietorship;  feudal  and  monarchical. 

B.  Massachusetts  Bay:  a  Theocracy. 

SECONDARY:  GENERAL  ACCOUNTS;  Andrews,  Colonial  Period,  62- 
89;  Doyle,  Eng.  Cols.,  II,  103-111;  Osgood,  Amer.  Cols,  I,  141- 
199;  Twichell,  John  Winthrop,  chs.  vi,  viii-x. 

SPECIAL  ACCOUNTS:  Bishop,  Hist,  of  Elections  (C.  U.  S.,  Ill,  123- 
145);  Haynes,  Rep.  and  Suffrage  in  Mass.  (J.  H.  S.,  XII,  7-59); 
Kaye,  Col.  Exec.  (J.  H.  S.,  XVIII,  28-38);  McKinley,  Suffrage 
Franchise  in  Cols.,  300-337;  Moran,  Bicameral  System  (J.  H. 
S.,  XIII,  8-13);  Reinsch,  Eng.  Common  Law  in  Cols.  (Univ. 
Wis.  Bulletin,  11-25);  Washburn,  Judicial  Hist.  Mass.,  chs.  ii-iii. 

SOURCES:  Amer.  Hist.  Leaflets,  no.  25,  MacDonald,  Select  Charters, 
37-42,  72-91;  Old  So.  Leaflets,  no.  164;  Winthrop,  Journals 
(O.  N.  S.),  I,  74-75,  77-80,  122,  125,  147,  149,  151,  302-305, 
323-324,  II,  36-38,  59-60,  64-66,  116-121,  164,  189,  211-219. 

1.   Political  and  religious  philosophy  of  the  Puritans. 

Cambridge  Mod.  Hist.,  II,  ch.  xi;  Merriam,  Amer.  Pol.  Theories, 
2-26;  Osgood,  Amer.  Cols.,  I,  200-203. 

(a)   The  Bible  as  a  rule  of  conduct. 
(6)    Calvin's  Institutes  as  a  text. 


Section  I  ]     AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY  25 

2.  The  charter  as  an  instrument  of  government. 

(a)  Transfer  of  charter  to  the  colony;  signifi- 
cance. (See  p.  18.) 

(6)  Admission  of  freemen  and  suffrage  quali- 
fications; 1631;  theocracy  established. 

3.  Rise  of  the  representative  system. 

(a)    Origin  of  representation. 
(6)    Basis   of   representation,    apportionment, 
method  of  election. 

4.  The  General  Court;  democratic  tendencies. 

Dominant  position  of  the  legislature. 
Composition,  functions,  procedure. 
Relations    between    deputies    and    magis- 
trates. 
(d)   Bicameral  legislature  established,  1644. 

5.  The  executive;  aristocratic  tendencies. 

(a)   Organization,  powers,  method  of  election. 
(6)    Alliance  between  magistrates  and  clergy, 
(c)    Contests    between     executive    board    and 
deputies. 

6.  The  judicial  system. 

(a)   Judicial  functions  of  magistrates,  of  General 

Court. 
(6)    Local  courts. 

(c)  Mosaic  code  and  English  common  law. 

(d)  Judicial  discretion  of  the  magistrates;  Body 

of  Liberties,  1641. 

(e)  Character  of  judicial  administration. 

C.  Plymouth. 

SECONDARY:  GENERAL  ACCOUNTS:  Doyle,  Eng.  Cols.,  II,  49-50, 
68-74;  Goodwin,  Pilgrim  Republic,  chs.  iii-iv;  Osgood,  Amer. 
Cols.,  I,  ch.  vi. 


26  AMERICAN    COLONIAL   HISTORY         [  Part  II 

SPECIAL  ACCOUNTS:   Haynes,  Rep.  and   Suffrage  in  Mass.  (J.  H. 

S.,   XII,   66-81);  McKinley,  Suffrage  Franchise  in  Cob.,  337- 

349. 
SOURCES:   Bradford,  Hist.  Plymouth  (O.  N.  S.),  106-107,  116-117, 

165,  etc.;   Hart,  Contemp.,  I,  nos.  98,  102;    MacDonald,  Select 

Charters,  33-34. 

1.  Early  forms  of  government. 

(a)    Mayflower  compact,  1620;    formation  of  a 

body-politic. 
(6)    Plymouth  as  town  and  colony. 

(c)  Legislature;  primary  assembly. 

(d)  Executive;   governor  and  assistants. 

2.  Rise  of  the  representative  system. 

(a)   Expansion  of  settlement  and  representation. 
(6)    Method   of   election,   apportionment,   fran- 
chise, 
(c)    Relations  between  magistrates  and  deputies. 

3.  Judicial  system. 

D.   Connecticut. 

SECONDARY:  GENERAL  ACCOUNTS;  Doyle,  Eng.  Cob.,  II,  159- 
160;  Osgood,  Amer.  Cob.,  I,  301-331;  Trumbull,  Conn.,  chs. 
vi-xii. 

SPECIAL  ACCOUNTS:  Kaye,  Col.  Exec.  (J.  H.  S.,  XVIII,  294-298); 
Moran,  Bicameral  System  (J.  H.  S.,  XIII,  220-226);  McKinley, 
Suffrage  Franchise  in  Cols.,  380-423;  Reinsch,  Eng.  Common 
Law  in  Cob.  (Univ.  Wis.  Bulletin,  25-26). 

SOURCES:  Hart,  Contemp.,  I,  nos.  120,  121;  MacDonald,  Select 
Charters,  60-65,  67-72,  101-104,  116-119. 

1.   Connecticut  River  Towns. 

Walker,  Thos.  Hooker,  chs.  vi-vii. 

(a)    Causes  of  separation  from  Massachusetts; 

Thomas  Hooker. 
(6)    Early  relations  with  Massachusetts. 


Section  I]      AMERICAN    COLONIAL   HISTORY  27 

(c)  The  Fundamental  Orders,  1639;   formation 

of  a  constitution. 

(d)  Constitutional  development. 

2.  Republic  of  New  Haven. 

Levermore,  Republic  of  New  Haven  (J.  H.  S.,  ex.  vol.  I). 

(a)   A  theocracy  established,  1639. 

(6)    Federation  of  towns,  1643. 

(c)    Government  under  the  federation. 

3.  Royal  charter,  1662. 

(a)    Granting  of  the  charter. 

(6)    Incorporation  of  New  Haven. 

(c)  Analysis   of   charter   as   a   constitution   of 

government. 

(d)  Representation  and  suffrage. 

(e)  Constitutional  development  under  charter. 

E.  Rhode  Island  and  Providence  Plantations. 

SECONDARY:  GENERAL  ACCOUNTS:    Andrews,     Col.     Self    Gov't. 

(A.  N.  S.),  57-69;    Doyle,  Eng.  Cols.,  II,  179-199;   Osgood, 

Amer.  Cols.,  I,  332-370;   Richman,  Rhode  Island,  I,  chs.  v-viii, 

II,  chs.  ix-xii. 
SPECIAL  ACCOUNTS:   Kaye,  Col.  Exec.   (J.   H.   S.,   XVIII,   292- 

294);   McKinley,  Suffrage  Franchise  in  Cols.,  430-450;   Moran, 

Bicameral  System  (J.  H.  S.,  XIII,  226-230). 
SOURCES:  Hart,  Contemp.,  I,  no.  114;  MacDonald,  Select  Charters, 

91-94,  125-133. 

1.  Individualism  of  settlers  and  leaders. 

2.  Early  government  at  Providence. 

3.  Formation  of  the  colony  of  Rhode  Island. 

(a)  Early  government  at  Portsmouth  and  New- 
port. 

(6)  Union  of  the  towns,  1639-1641;  the  con- 
stitution. 


28  AMERICAN   COLONIAL   HISTORY         [  Part  II 

4.  Colony  of  Rhode  Island  and  Providence. 

(a)    Patent  of  1644;   why  secured. 
(6)    Union  of  four  towns,  1647;  form  of  govern- 
ment. 

(c)  Coddington  and  the  separation  of  the  towns, 

1651. 

(d)  Union  restored,  1654. 

5.  Royal  charter,  1663. 

(a)    Circumstances  surrounding  grant. 

(6)    Analysis   of    charter   as   a   constitution   of 

government, 
(c)    Constitutional  development. 

F.   Summary  of  Constitutional  Development  in  the  Corporate 
Colonies. 

Osgood,  Amer.  Cols.,  II,  433-438. 

1.  The  corporate  colony  an  American  product. 

2.  Differences  in  the  founding  of  the  corporate  colonies. 

3.  Comparison  of  forms  of  government. 

(a)    Legislature. 
(6)    Executive. 

(c)  Representation  and  suffrage. 

(d)  Judiciary. 

4.  Government  in  England  and  New  England  con- 

trasted. 


SECTION  H.    GOVERNMENT  IN  THE 
PROPRIETARY  PROVINCES 

A.   Essential  Characteristics  of  the  Provinces. 

Lapsley,   Country   Palatine   of   Durham;    Mereness,    Md.,    1-11; 
Osgood,  Amer.  Cols.,  II,  3-15. 


Section  II]     AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY  29 

1.  Analysis  of  charters. 

(a)  Powers  of  proprietors;  territorial  and  gov- 
ernmental. 

(6)  Rights  reserved  to  Crown,  guaranteed  to 
people. 

2.  Historical  precedents. 

(a)    County  palatine  of  Durham. 
(6)    Charters  to  Cabot,  Gilbert,  Raleigh.     (See 
p.  10.) 

3.  Comparison  of  province  and  corporation. 

(a)    Source  of  political  power. 

(6)    Elasticity  of  proprietary  charters. 

4.  Forces   and  factors   making  for   popular  govern- 

ment. 

(a)    Concessions  of  proprietors. 
(6)    Character  and  demands  of  settlers. 

B.  Virginia:  Corporation  as  Proprietor. 

SECONDARY:    GENERAL  ACCOUNTS:     Bruce,     Institutional    Hist. 

Va.,  II,  229-254;    Doyle,   Eng.   Cols.,   I,   158-162;    Fiske,  Old 

Va.,  I,  191-222;  Osgood,  Amer.  Cols.,  I,  44-52,  69-73,  92-97. 
SPECIAL  ACCOUNTS:    Chandler,  Rep.  in  Va.  (J.  H.  S.,  XIV,  263- 

273);  Kaye,  Col.  Exec.  (J.  H.  S.,  XVIII,  267-279). 
SOURCES:    Brown,   First  Rep.,   242-243,   249-251,  266,  293,  309- 

310,  313-322;   Hart,  Contemp.,   I,  no.    75;    McDonald,    Select 

Charters,  34-36;  Nars.  Early,  245-276. 

1.  Conciliar  government,  1607-1610. 

(a)    Nature  of  royal  control  in  charter,  1606. 
(6)    The  councils  in  England  and  Virginia;  form 

and  powers, 
(c)    Failure  of  conciliar  government;   reasons. 

2.  Absolute  government,  1610-1619. 

(a)  Charters  of  1609,  1612;  company  in  full 
control. 


30  AMERICAN    COLONIAL   HISTORY          [  Part  II 

(b)  System  of  rigid  control;   Dale's  Blue  Laws; 

justification. 
3.   Representative  government  established,  1619. 

(a)    Grant     of     popular     representation;      Sir 

Edwin     Sandys. 
(6)    Composition  of  House  of  Burgesses. 

(c)  Relation  of  executive  to  burgesses. 

(d)  Early  proceedings  of  legislature. 

C.   Maryland :  Typical  Proprietary  Province. 

SECONDARY:    GENERAL  ACCOUNTS:    Browne,    Calverts,     ch.    v; 

Doyle,  Eng.  Cols.,  1, 5286-299;   Fiske,  Old  Va.  and  Neighbors,  I, 

275-285;  Mereness,  Md.,  153-226;  Osgood,  Amer.  Cols.,  II,  58-93. 
SPECIAL  ACCOUNTS:    Kaye,  Col.  Exec.   (J.  H.  S.,   XVIII,   298- 

306);    McKinley,  Suffrage  Franchise  in   Cols.,   48-69;    Moran, 

Bicameral  System  (J.  H.  S.,  XIII,  247-249). 
SOUHCES:    MacDonald,  Select  Charters,  53-59;    Nars.  Early  Md. 

(O.  N.  S.). 

1.  Executive  official  system,  1634-1660. 

(a)    Character  of  the  proprietors. 
(6)    Power  and  authority  of  the  governor  and 
council. 

(c)  Ordinance  of  Government,  1637. 

(d)  Expansion    of    official    system,    an    official 

aristocracy. 

2.  Development  of  popular  control. 

(a)    Early  forms  of  the  legislature,  1635-1650. 
(6)    Representative  system  established,'  1650. 

(c)  Contest  over  initiation  of  legislation ;  demo- 

cratic triumph. 

(d)  Bicameral  system  established,  1650. 

3.  Reactionary  tendencies,  1660-1689. 

(a)   The  long  assembly. 

(6)    Taxation,  restriction  of  suffrage,  nepotism. 


Section  II]   AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY  31 

4.    Popular  discontent. 

(a)   Attempted  insurrection. 
(6)    Overthrow  of  proprietary  rule,  1689.     (See 
p.  56.) 

D.  New  Netherlands  and  New  York:    Struggle  for  Popular 

Power. 

SECONDARY:  Doyle,  Eng.  Cols.,  IV,  18-30,  33-41,  107-112,  130- 
133,  150-152,  156-171;  Fiske,  Dutch  and  Quaker  Cols.,  I,  189- 
218,  II,  37-61;  McKinley,  Suffrage  Franchise  in  Cols.,  196- 
209;  O'Callaghan,  New  Neth.,  I,  240-250,  283-295,  305-318, 
II,  chs.  vii-ix;  Osgood,  Amer.  Cols.,  II,  95-168;  Tuckerman, 
Peter  Stuyvesant. 

SOURCES:  MacDonald,  Select  Charters,  136-139;  Nars.  Early  New 
Neth.  (O.  N.  S.),  324-378. 

1.  Dutch  West  India  Company  as  proprietor. 

(a)    Autocratic  power  of  director  and  council. 

(6)    Popular  discontent;  causes. 

(c)    Representative  boards,  1640-1664. 

2.  Duke  of  York  as  proprietor. 

(a)  Analysis  of  royal  grant. 

(b)  Assembly  of  1665;  Duke  of  York's  Laws. 

(c)  Concession    of    representation    to    people; 

history. 

(d)  Concessions  withdrawn,  1685;   reasons. 

E.  Carolinas. 

SECONDARY:  Andrews,  Col.  Self  Gov't.  (A.  N.  S.),  134-142,  145- 
161;  Bassett,  Const'l.  Beginnings  in  No.  Car.  (J.  H.  S.,  XII, 
105-169);  Doyle,  Eng.  Cols.,  I,  335-344;  McCrady,  So.  Car. 
under  Prop.  Goy't,  94-234;  Osgood,  Amer.  Cols.,  II,  200- 
244;  Raper,  Nor.  Car.,  16-26;  Smith,  So.  C.  as  a  Royal  Prov., 
3-8. 

SOURCES:  Hart,  Con  temp.,  I,  nos.  78,  80;  MacDonald,  Select 
Charters,  120-125,  148-168;  Nars.  Early  Car.  (O.  N.  S.),  313-342; 
Old  So.  Leaflets,  no.  172. 


32  AMERICAN    COLONIAL   HISTORY         [  Part  II 

1.  Dejects  of  a  proprietary  board  as  head  of  province. 

2.  Concessions  and  Agreements,  1663. 

3.  Fundamental  Constitutions,  1669. 

(a)    Shaftesbury  and  John  Locke. 

(6)    Artificial  character  of  Constitutions. 

4.  South  Carolina  under  the  Constitutions. 

(a)    Conflicts  between  governors  and  legislature. 
(6)    Constitutions  withdrawn. 

5.  Government  in  North  Carolina. 

(a)    Disturbance  and  slow  growth;   reasons. 
(6)    Government  under  the  Constitutions, 
(c)    Culpeper  rebellion,  1677. 

F.  New  Jersey  under  Berkeley  and  Carteret. 

SECONDARY:  Andrews,  Col.  Self  Gov't.  (A.  N.  S.),  104-120;  Doyle. 

Eng.  Cols.,  IV,  290-296;  Osgood,  Amer.  Cols.,  II,  169-191. 
SOURCES:  Hart,  Contemp.,  I,  no.  164;  MacDonald,  Select  Charters, 

139-148. 

1.  Concessions  and  Agreements,  1665. 

(a)    Comparison  with  Carolina  Concessions. 

2.  Government  established. 

(a)  Executive  officials;  powers  and  functions. 
(6)  Assembly;  composition,  powers,  activities, 
(c)  Relation  between  executive  and  legislature. 

3.  Revolt  against  the  proprietary  system. 

(a)   The  Monmouth  Purchase. 

(6)    Separate  government  established. 

4.  Berkeley  and  Carteret  transfer  rights  and  powers  to 

Quakers. 

G.  Quaker  Government  in  America:  New  Jersey. 

SECONDARY:  GENERAL  ACCOUNTS:  Andrews,  Col.  Self  Gov't. 
(A.  N.  S.),  120-128;  Doyle,  Eng.  Cols.,  IV,  302-324;  Osgood, 
Amer.  Cols.,  II,  191-199;  Tanner,  New  Jersey  (C.  U.  S.,  XXX, 
81-96,  113-123). 


Section  II  ]     AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY  33 

SPECIAL  ACCOUNTS:  McKinley,  Suffrage  Franchise  in  Cols.,  227- 
243;  Scott,  Influence  of  Props,  in  Founding  N.  J.  (J.  H.  S.,  Ill, 
439-460). 

SOURCES:     MacDonald,  Select  Charters,  174-183. 

1.  Personnel  and  character  of  the  proprietors. 

2.  Frames  of  government;  Quaker  political  ideas. 

(a)    West  Jersey  Concessions  and  Agreements, 

1677. 
(6)    East     Jersey     Fundamental     Constitution, 

1681. 

3.  Constitutional  development. 

(a)    Artificial  character  of  the  constitutions. 
(6)   Tendencies  toward  self-government. 

H.  Pennsylvania:  A  Quaker  Experiment  in  Government. 

SECONDARY:     GENERAL  ACCOUNTS:    Andrews,    Col.    Self    Gov't. 

(A.  N.  S.),  182-201;    Doyle,  Eng.  Cols.,   IV,  387-401,404-406, 

408,   411-424;    Jones,   Quakers    in    Amer.,    459-474;    Osgood, 

Amer.  Cols.,  II,  252-276. 
SPECIAL  ACCOUNTS:    Eshleman,   Struggle   and   Rise   of  Popular 

Power  (Pa.  Mag.  Hist.,  Apr.,  1910);  Fisher,  True  William  Penn. 

chs.   xv,   xxi;  McKinley,  Suffrage   Franchise   in  Cols.,   273-281; 

Sharpless,  Quaker  Experiment  in  Gov't.,  47-115. 
SOURCES:  MacDonald,  Select  Charters,  192-205,  217-222,  224-229. 

1.  Popular  tendencies. 

(a)    Political  principles  of  William  Penn. 

(6)    Democratic  character  of  Quakers. 

(c)    Frames  of  Government,  laws,  1682-1683. 

2.  Rise  of  popular  control. 

(a)  Controversies,  1683-1692. 

(6)  Royal  government,  1692-1694. 

(c)  Markham's  Frame  of  Government,  1696. 

(d)  Charter    of    Privileges,    1701;     democratic 

victory. 


34  AMERICAN    COLONIAL   HISTORY          [  Part  II 

I.   Summary  of  Constitutional  Development  in  Provinces. 

Osgood,  Amer.  Cols.,  II,  438-442. 

1.  Proprietary  constitutions. 

(a)    Comparison. 
(6)    Artificiality. 

2.  Forms  of  government. 

(a)   Variety. 

(6)    Official  system. 

(c)    Legislature,  organization,  powers,  franchise. 

3.  Comparison  of  provinces  and  corporations. 


SECTION  III.    LAND   SYSTEMS   AND   LOCAL 
INSTITUTIONS 

A.  The  Land  System  in  the  Corporate  Colonies. 

SECONDARY:  GENERAL  ACCOUNTS:  Mathews,  Expansion  of  New 
Eng.,  1-75;  Osgood,  Amer.  Cols.,  I,  4£4-466. 

SPECIAL  ACCOUNTS:  Andrews,  Conn.  River  Towns  (J.  H.  S., 
VII,  32-81);  Egleston.  Land  System  of  New  Eng.  (J.  H.  S., 
IV.  550-600);  Levermore,  Rep.  New  Haven  (J.  H.  S.,  ex. 
vol.  I,  79-99);  Maclear,  Early  New  Eng.  Towns  (C.  U.  S., 
XXIX,  81-105). 

MAPS:  For  the  arrangement  of  a  New  England  town  consult  the 
following  maps:  Andrews,  at  pp.  4,  61 ;  Maclear,  at  title  page  and 
at  p.  81  (both  cited  above).  For  a  comparison  of  an  English 
manor  with  a  New  England  town  consult:  "Seebohm,  Eng.  Village 
Community,  at  title  page  and  at  pp.  2,  6,  26;  Shepherd,  Hist. 
Atlas,  104. 

1.  Popular  control  of  land  policy. 

(a)    Control   of   the  General   Court  over  terri- 
torial matters. 
(6)    Grant  of  free  lands  to  actual  settlers. 

2.  Group  settlement. 

(a)    Essential  features. 


Section  III  ]     AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY  35 

(6)    Territorial  arrangement  of  township;   com- 
parison with  English  manor. 

(c)  System  of  common  management;  allotment 

of  lands,  etc. 

(d)  Conflicts    between    proprietors  'and    non- 

proprietors. 

3.  Policy  governing  distribution  of  estates. 

(a)   Efforts  to  preserve  equality. 

(6)    Comparison  with  English  land  laws. 

4.  Expansion     of     New     England     through     group 

system. 

B.  The  Land  Systems  in  the  Provinces. 

SECONDARY:  GENERAL  ACCOUNT:  Osgood,  Amer.  Cols.,  I,  7g-79, 

84-91,  II,  16-55. 
ACCOUNTS  OF   PARTICULAR  COLONIES:   Bruce,  Econ.  Hist.  Va., 

I,   487-571;   Mereness,   Md.,  49-60,   76-95;    Raper,    No.   Car., 

101-109;   Shepherd,  Pa.    (C.  U.  S.,    VI,     13-76);    Smith,    So. 

Car.  as  a  Royal  Prov.,   25-31;  Tanner,  New   Jersey    (C.  U. 

S.,  XXX,  30-57,  97-112). 
SOURCE:  MacDonald,  Select  Charters,  43-50. 

1.  Feudal  features. 

(a)    Territorial  provisions  of  charters. 

(&)    Provinces  as  private  estates;  examples. 

2.  Territorial  policy  of  proprietors. 

(a)    Conditions  of  plantation  issued. 
(6)    Reserves  and  manors. 

(c)  Patroonships  in  New  York. 

(d)  System  of  headrights. 

3.  Group  settlements  in  provinces. 

(a)    Failure  to  develop  towns  in  South, 
(fr)    Groups  of  New  England  type;    New  York, 
northern  New  Jersey,  Germantown,  Pa. 


36  AMERICAN    COLONIAL   HISTORY         [  Part  II 

(c)  Groups  through  individual  grants;  New 
Netherland;  Burlington  and  Salem,  New 
Jersey;  Philadelphia,  Pa;  Annapolis, 
Md.;  Charleston,  So.  Car. 

4.  Territorial  revenues. 

(a)    Quit  rents  and  purchase  money. 

(6)    Fines  on  alienation;  port  and  ferry  duties. 

5.  Influence  of  land  systems. 

(a)    Controversies  over  quit  rents. 

(6)    Legislative  interference  in  territorial  matters. 

(c)  Growth  of  a  landed  aristocracy. 

(d)  Influence  of  land  systems  on  expansion. 

C.  Local  Institutions  of  Government. 
•  1.   Local  government  in  England. 

Channing,  Town  and  County  Gov't.  (J.  H.  S.,  II,  439-453);  Chey- 
ney,  European  Backgrounds  (A.  N.  S.),  chs.  xiv,  xv,  xvi;  Howard, 
Local  Const'l.  Hist.,  23-49,  298-314. 

(a)    County  and  officials. 
(6)    Parish  or  township. 

2.   Local  government  in  New  England:  the  town  as 
the  political  unit. 

Andrews,  Conn.  River  Towns  (J.  H.  S.,  VII,  82-126);  Adams,  C.  F., 
Three  Episodes  of  Mass.  Hist.,  II,  810  ff.;  Channing,  Town  and 
County  Gov't.  (J.  H.  S.,  II,  438-474);  Foster,  Town  Gov't.  in 
Rhode  Island  (J.  H.  S.,  IV,  73-93);  Howard,  Local  Const'l. 
Hist.,  50-99,  319-357;  Maclear,  Early  New  Eng.  Towns  (C.  U.  S., 
XXIX,  13-80,  106-136). 

(a)  Town  meeting  and  town  officers. 

(6)  Relation  of  towns  to  General  Court. 

(c)  County:  officials  and  functions. 

(d)  Character  of  local  self-government  in  New 

England   and   its  influence  in  American 
history. 


Section  III]     AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY  37 

3.  Local  government  in  Virginia:    the  county  as  the 

political  unit. 

Bruce,  Institutional  Hist.  Va.,  I,  484-540,  588-611;  Charming, 
Town  and  County  Gov't.  (J.  H.  S.,  II,  474-489);  Goodnow, 
Comp.  Administrative  Law,  162-169;  Ingle,  Va.  Local  Institu- 
tions (J.  H.  S.,  Ill,  141-222);  Howard,  Local  Const'l.  Hist., 
388-407;  Osgood,  Amer.  Cols.,  I,  90-92. 

(a)    Early  forms  of  local  government. 
(6)    Creation  of  counties. 

(c)  Administration  of  counties:   justices  of  the 

peace,  sheriffs,  county  lieutenants. 

(d)  Centralized  local  administration. 

(e)  Compare    local    government    in    Virginia, 

England,  and  New  England. 

4.  Local  government  in  Maryland,  North  Carolina, 

South  Carolina. 

Howard,  Local  Const'l.  Hist.,  127-134,  272-286,  404-405;  Johnson, 
Old  Md.  Manors  (J.  H.  S.,  I,  no.  7);  Mereness,  Md.,  401-410; 
Osgood,  Amer.  Cols.,  II,  281,  283-284;  Wilhelm,  Md.  Local 
Institutions  (J.  H.  S.,  Ill,  343-433). 

(a)    General  comparison  with  Virginia  institu- 
tions. 

5.  Local  government  in  the  Middle  Colonies,  New  York, 

New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania. 

Allison  and  Penrose,  Philadelphia  (J.  H.  S.,  ex.  vol.  II,  8-28); 
Doyle,  Eng.  Cols.  IV,  27-33,  168,  424;  Elting,  Dutch  Village 
Communities  (J.  H.  S.,  IV,  5-68);  Goodnow,  Comp.  Admin- 
istrative Law,  162-169,  193-202;  Holcomb,  Pa.  Boroughs 
(J.  H.  S.,  IV,  135-179);  Howard,  Local  Const'l.  Hist.,  102-117, 
358-387;  McKinley,  Eng.  and  Dutch  Towns  of  New  Neth. 
(Amer.  Hist.  Rev.,  VI,  1-18);  Osgood,  Amer.  Cols.,  II,  281- 
283,  285. 

(a)   Rise  of  the  county  system. 
(6)    Towns  and  boroughs. 


439401 


38  AMERICAN   COLONIAL   HISTORY         [  Part  II 

(c)    Cities:  New  York,  Philadelphia,  Albany. 
({/)    Degree  of  local  self-government. 
(e)    Comparison  with  New  England  and  southern 
colonies. 


SECTION  IV.    ECCLESIASTICAL  RELATIONS  AND 
EDUCATION 

A.   Ecclesiastical  Polity  in  New  England. 

SECONDARY:  Cobb,  Religious  Liberty,  133-280;  Howe,  Puritan 
Republic,  chs.  viii,  x;  Lauer,  Church  and  State  in  New  Eng. 
(J.  H.  S.,  X,  93-147);  Osgood,  Amer.  Cob.,  I,  200-221. 

SOURCE:  Hart,  Contemp.,  I,  nos.  93,  94,  143,  144. 

1.  Religious  principles  of  Puritans  and  Pilgrims. 

(a)    Importance  of  religion   in   the   life  of  the 

people. 
(6)    Influence  of  the  clergy:  Wilson,  Peters,  the 

Mathers,  Hooker,  Davenport,  Williams. 

(c)  Puritans  become  separatists  from  ^English 

Church. 

(d)  Comparison  of  Puritan  and  Pilgrim  ecclesi- 

astical doctrines. 

2.  Relations  between  Church  and  State. 

(a)    Sabbath  and  anti-heresy  laws. 

(6)    Taxation  for  church  support;    compulsory 

church  attendance. 
(c)    Religious  qualifications  for  the  franchise. 

3.  The  church  and  social  life. 

Adams,  C.  F.,  Three  Episodes  Mass.  Hist.,  II,  chs.  ix,  x;  Doyle, 
Eng.  Cols.,  Ill,  63-77;  Earle,  The  Puritan  Sabbath;  Howe, 
Puritan  Republic,  ch.  vii;  Maclear,  Early  New  Eng:  Towns 
(C.  U.  S.  XXIX,  137-160);  Palfrey,  Hist.  New  Eng.,  II,  33-45; 
Prince,  Conn.  Blue  Laws  (A.  H.  A.  R.,  1898,  95-138). 


Section  IV]     AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY  39 

(a)  Church:  organization  and  government. 

(6)  Social  life  centered  in  the  church. 

(c)  Puritan  Sabbath. 

(d)  Regulation  of  manners  and  morals. 

B.  The  Intolerance  of  the  Puritans. 

SECONDARY:  Adams,  B.,  Emancipation  of  Mass.,  46-78,  104- 
178;  Adams,  C.  F.,  Three  Episodes  Mass.  Hist.,  I,  363-509, 
II,  533-578;  Doyle,  En£.  Cols.,  II,  113-118,  121-141,  III, 
98-114;  Channing,  Hist.  U.  S.,  I,  356-380;  Oliver,  Puritan 
Commonwealth,  87-102,  161-180,  205-219;  Osgood,  Amer. 
Cols.,  I,  224-254,  269-287. 

SOURCES:  Hart,  Contemp.,  I,  nos.  108,  115,  140-142;  Johnson, 
Wonder  Working  Providence  (O.  N.  S.),  121-139;  Winthrop, 
Journals  (O.  N.  S.),  I,  154,  162,  195-199,  208-212,  215-218, 
232-235,  239-265. 

1.  Roger  Williams;  the  apostle  of  "soul  liberty" 

Straus,  Roger  Williams,  chs.  i-v. 

(a)    Religious  ideas. 

(6)    Charges  against  him;  trial  and  expulsion. 

2.  Ann  Hutchinson  and  the  Antinomians. 

(a)    Her  teachings  and  followers. 

(6)    Charges;  trial,  conduct  of  court  and  clergy. 

(c)  Influence  of  controversy  on  the  colony. 

(d)  Expulsion  of  the  Antinomians. 

3.  The  Quaker  invasion. 

Hallowell,  Quaker  Invasion  of  Mass.,  1-31;  Jones,  The  Quakers 
in  Amer.,  45-110. 

(a)   Teachings   of   the   Quakers;     the   "inward 

light." 

(6)    Missionary  zeal, 
(c)    Persecution. 

4.  Attitude  of  Massachusetts  toward  other  sects. 

Osgood,  Amer.  Cols.,  I,  256-269. 


40  AMERICAN    COLONIAL   HISTORY          [Part  II 

5.  The  superstitions  of  the  Puritans. 

SECONDARY:    Channing,   Hist.   U.   S.,   II,   456-462;    Doyle,  Eng. 

Cols.,  Ill,  298-311;   Notestein,  Hist.  Eng.  Witchcraft,  254-333. 
SOURCES:    Burr,   Translations  and   Reprints,    III,   no.   4;    Hart, 

Contemp.,  II,  nos.  16-18. 

(a)    Superstitious  element  in  Puritan  life. 
(6)    Witchcraft  in  England  and  the  colonies, 
(c)    Salem  witchcraft  delusion,  1691-1693. 

6.  Justification  and  arraignment  of  the  Puritan  system. 

Adams,  B.,  Emancipation  of  Mass.,  passim,  especially  20-43; 
Adams,  C.  F.,  Mass.;  Her  History  and  Historians;  Low,  The 
Amer.  People,  I,  111-211;  Osgood,  Amer.  Cols.,  I,  218-223. 

7.  Religious  freedom  in  Rhode  Island. 

SECONDARY:     Cobb,    Religious    Liberty,    422-440;     Low,    Amer. 
People,  I,  354-376;    Straus,  Roger  Williams,  chs.  ix,  x,  xii,  xiii. 
SOURCE:  Hart,  Contemp.,  I,  nos.  115,  116. 

(a)    The  home  of  the  persecuted:    Roger  Wil- 
liams, Antinomians,  Quakers,  Baptists. 
(6)    Royal  charter  provides  for  religious  liberty, 
(c)    Extent  to  which  the  principle  observed. 

C.   Ecclesiastical  Polity  of  the  Provinces. 

1.   Factors  unfavorable  to  a  church  establishment. 

Osgood,  Amer.  Cols.,  II,  309-315. 

(a)  Subordinate  position  of  the  religious  ele- 
ment. 

(6)  Belief  in  separation  of  church  and  state: 
Quakers  and  Baptists. 

(c)  Variety  of  religious  sects:   geographical  dis- 

tribution. 

(d)  Lack  of  self-government. 

(e)  Comparison  with  conditions  in  New  Eng- 

land. 


Section  IV]      AMERICAN    COLONIAL   HISTORY  41 

2.  The  English  Church  in  Virginia. 

SECONDARY:  Bruce,  Institutional  Hist.  Va.,  I,  3-28,  62-94,  116-131, 
194-276;  Cobb,  Religious  Liberty,  74-96;  Howard,  Local 
Const'l.  Hist.,  117-124. 

SOURCE:  Hart,  Contemp.,  I,  no.  85. 

(a)    Factors  favorable  to  its  establishment. 

(6)  State  support  of  the  church;  taxation, 
compulsory  church  attendance,  anti- 
heresy  laws,  regulation  of  manners  and 
morals. 

(c)  Persecution  of  Puritans  and  Quakers. 

(d)  Parish;  organization  and  functions. 

(e)  Comparison  with  ecclesiastical  relations  in 

New  England. 

3.  The  ecclesiastical  system  in  Maryland. 

SECONDARY:  Browne,  George  and  Cecil  Calvert,  chs.  vi-viii; 
Cobb,  Religious  Liberty,  362-383;  Dennis,  Lord  Baltimore's 
Struggle  with  Jesuits  (A.  H.  A.  R.,  1900,  I,  105-125);  Mereness, 
Md.,  423-437. 

SOURCES:  Hart,  Contemp.,  I,  no.  84;  MacDonald,  Select  Char- 
ters, 104-105;  Nars.  Early  Md.  (O.  N.  S.),  113-144. 

(a)    Religious  principles  of  Lord  Baltimore. 
(6)    Lord  Baltimore  and  the  Jesuits. 

(c)  Toleration  Act,  1649. 

(d)  Conflict  between  Puritans  and  Catholics. 

(e)  Anglican  tendencies  after  1660. 

4.  Ecclesiastical  relations  in   New  Netherlands   and 

New  York. 

SECONDARY:  Cobb,  Religious  Liberty,  301-336;  Doyle,  Eng.  Cols., 

IV,  41-47,  112,  154-155;   Osgood,  Amer.  Cols.,  II,  333-338. 
SOURCE:  Nar.  Early  New  Neth.  (O.  N.  S.),  387-416. 

5.  Religious  freedom  in  the  Quaker  colonies. 

Cobb,  Religious  Liberty,  399-408,  440-447;  Jones,  Quakers  in 
Amer.,  xiii-xxxii,  242-250,  302-316,  372-390,  437-458;  Osgood, 


42  AMERICAN    COLONIAL   HISTORY          [Part  II 

Amer.   Cols.,    II,   341-344;    Sharpless,    Quaker  Experiment   in 
Gov't.,  116-151. 

(a)    Quaker  religious  principles;    compare  with 

Puritanism. 

(6)    Extent  to  which  religious  liberty  observed, 
(c)    Quakers  in  other  colonies. 

D.   Educational  Institutions. 

1.  New  England. 

Boone,  Education  in  U.  S.,  9-60;  Channing,  Hist.  U.  S.,  I,  429-436; 
Doyle,  Eng.  Cols.,  Ill,  78-97;  Eggleston,  Transit  of  Civilization, 
207-219,  225-249;  Maclear,  Early  New  Eng.  Towns  (C.  U.  S., 
XXIX,  161-180);  'Palfrey,  Hist.  New  Eng.,  II,  45-49. 

(a)    Puritan  system  and  education. 
(6)    Harvard  College  founded ;  relation  to  church 
and  colony. 

(c)  Common  schools  established. 

(d)  Literature  and  libraries. 

2.  Virginia. 

Bruce,  Institutional  Hist.  Va.,  I,  293-450. 

(a)    Conditions  unfavorable  to  education;   com- 
parison with  New  England. 
(6)    Private  schools;  tutors. 

(c)  Early  efforts  to  found  a  college;  failure. 

(d)  William  and  Mary  College  founded,  1691; 

work  of  James  Blair. 

(e)  Literature  and  libraries. 

SECTION  V.    INDIAN  RELATIONS   AND 

INTERCOLONIAL   UNION 
A.  The  Native  Races. 

SECONDARY:  Bancroft,  Hist.  U.  S.  Oast  rev.),  II,  chs.  v,  viii;  Far- 
rand,  Basis  of  Amer.  Hist.  (A.  N.  S.),  148-175;  Fiske,  Dis.  of 
Amer.,  I,  1-76;  Winsor,  Amer.,  I,  283-316. 


Section  V]     AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY  43 

MAPS:  Showing  distribution  of  Indians,  Farrand,  at  pp.  91,  154; 
Avery,  Hist.  U.  S.,  I,  356,  II,  123. 

1.  Theories  as  to  origin. 

2.  Classification,  numbers,  distribution.        ^ 

(a)  In  New  England. 

(b)  South  of  the  Hudson. 

B.  Relations  of  European  Settlers  with  Indians. 

SECONDARY:  Bruce,  Institutional  Hist.  Va.,  II,  71-122;  Doyle, 
Eng.  Cols.,  Ill,  53-60,  153-189;  Jones,  R.  M.,  Quakers  in  Amer., 
Index  under  Indians;  Mathews,  Expansion  of  New  Eng.,  23-25, 
43-64;  Osgood,  Amer.  Cols.,  I,  527-576,  II,  403-419,  III,  258-265, 
368-376;  Palfrey,  Hist.  New  Eng.,  II,  187-198,  336-343;  Sharp- 
less,  Quaker  Experiment  in  Gov't.,  152-182. 

SOURCE:  Hart,  Contemp.,  I,  nos.  86,  91,  92,  123,  127,  133,  152,  162. 

MAPS:  Mathews,  Expansion  New  Eng.,  maps  at  pp.  56,  57  show  the 
effect  of  Indian  war  on  settlement  in  New  England. 

1.  Attitude  of  settlers  toward  the  natives. 

(a)    French  and  Spanish  attitude. 
(6)    Attitude  of  the  English. 

(c)  Policy  of    Roger  Williams,  William    Penn 

and  the  Quakers. 

2.  Regulation  of  relations  of  settlers  with  Indians. 

(a)  Trade. 

(6)  Indian  claims  to  the  land. 

(c)  Indian  protectorates. 

(d)  Indian  missions;    Eliot   in   New   England, 

Jesuits  in  Maryland. 

3.  Indian  Wars. 

(a)    Early  troubles  of  colonists  with  Indians. 
(6)    Important  Indian  Wars,  1675-1677;    King 
Philip's  War,  Bacon's  Rebellion,  etc. 

4.  Effect  of  Indian  relations  on  colonists. 

(a)    On  the  expansion  of  settlement. 


44  AMERICAN   COLONIAL   HISTORY  [Part  II 

(6)    On  questions  of  defence, 
(c)    On  government  and  society. 

C.  Systems  of  Defence. 

Bruce,  Institutional  Hist.  Va.,  II,  $-70;  Mereness,  Md.,  ch.  iv; 
Osgood,  Amer.  Cols.,  I,  496-526,  II,  375-399. 

1.  General  conditions  affecting  defence. 

(a)    Indian  hostilities. 

(6)    Proximity  of  other  European  settlers. 

(c)  Importance  of  problem  in  border  colonies. 

(d)  Question  in  the  Quaker  colonies. 

2.  Systems  of  defence. 

(a)  Frontier  posts. 

(6)  Militia;  organization  and  control. 

(c)  Fortifications. 

(d)  English  troops. 

D.  The  New  England  Confederation,  1643-1684. 

SECONDARY:  Doyle,  Eng.  Cols.,  II,  220-236,  284-302;  Fiske,  New 
Eng.,  ch.  iv;  Frothingham,  Rise  of  Republic,  36-44;  Osgood, 
Amer.  Cols.,  I,  392-422;  Palfrey,  Hist.  New  Eng.,  I,  623-633, 
II,  240-251,  320-327,  III,  71-80. 

SOURCES:  Amer.  Hist.  Leaflets,  no.  7;  Hart,  Contemp.,  I,  nos.  129, 
131;  MacDonald,  Select  Charters,  94-100;  Old  So.  Leaflets, 
no.  168;  Winthrop,  Journals  (O.  N.  S.),  I,  231-232,  287-290, 
301,  II,  98-105,  141-142,  254,  349. 

1.  Elements  favorable  to  a  union. 

2.  Formation  and  character  of  the  confederation. 

3.  Work  of  the  Confederacy. 

(a)  External  relations. 

(6)  Indian  affairs. 

(c)  Interest  in  schools  and  religion. 

(d)  Confederacy  during  King  Philip's  War. 


Section  V]     AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY  45 

4.  Decline  of  confederation;  causes. 

5.  Its  significance  in  American  history. 

E.  Relations  among  the  Provinces. 

Osgood,  Amer.  Cols.,  II,  420-432,  III,  91-96,  361-363. 

1.  Factors  unfavorable  to  union. 

(a)   Distance  and  difficulties  of  communication. 
(6)    Lack  of  geographic  unity. 

(c)  Lack  of  common  culture  and  ethnic  homo- 

geneity. 

(d)  Comparison  with  New  England  conditions. 

2.  Disputes  between  the  provinces. 

(a)    Boundary    dispute    between    Pennsylvania 

and  Maryland. 

(6)    Quarrels  between  Maryland  and  Virginia, 
(c)    Controversy  between  Pennsylvania  and  New 

York  over  northern  boundary  and  Indian 

affairs. 

3.  Indian  relations  as  a  consolidating  factor. 

(a)   Joint  conferences  at  Albany. 


PART  THREE 

THE    BRITISH    COLONIAL    SYSTEM 
1606-1689 


SECTION  I.    THE  BEGINNINGS   OF  THE  BRITISH 
COLONIAL   POLICY,    1606-1660 

A.  A  Neglected  Point  of  View. 

Andrews,  Amer.  Col.  Hist.  (A.  H.  A.  R.,  1898,  47-60);  MacDonald, 
.      The  Cols,  as  Dependencies  of  Great  Britain  (A.  H.  A.  R.,  1902, 
I,  169-178);   Osgood,  Study  of  Amer.  Col.  Hist.  (A.  H.  A.  R., 
1898,  61-73);  Osgood,  Amer.  Cols.,  I,  xxvi-xxvii. 

1.  Importance  of  the  imperial  point  of  view. 

2.  Reasons  why  neglected  or  slighted. 

B.  The  Essential  Problems  of  Colonial  Empire. 

Beer,  Origins  of  Brit.  Col.  System,  295-307;  Cheyney,  European 
Backgrounds  (A.  N.  S.),  147-167;  Lewis,  Gov't.  of  Deps.,  178- 
185;  Keller,  Colonization,  1-20;  Mereness,  Md.,  1-6,  10; 
Osgood,  Amer.  Cols.,  Ill,  3-12,  23-24,  507-515. 

1.  British  theories  of  empire. 

(a)   Creation  of  a  self-sufficient  economic  do- 
minion. 

(6)    Forces  which  provoked  the  principles. 
(c)    Essential  features  of  the  policy. 

2.  Instruments  of  colonial  and  commercial  expansion. 

(See  pp.  10,  12.) 


Section  I]     AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY  47 

(a)   Two    agencies:     trading    corporation    and 

proprietorship. 

(6)    Powers  and  privileges  of  patentees. 
(c)    Relations  to  the  central  government. 
3.   Obstacles  to  imperial  unity. 

(a)   Distance  and  difficulties  of  communication. 
(6)    Social    barriers:     separatist    tendencies    in 

colonial  life. 

(c)  Economic  differences. 

(d)  Charters  as  institutional  barriers. 

(e)  Lack  of  political  unity  in  English  state. 

C.  The  Colonies  under  the  Early  Stuarts,  1606-1640. 

1.  Organs  of  imperial  control. 

Andrews,  British  Committees,  etc.  (J.  H.  S.,  XXVI,  9-23);  Beer, 
Origins  of  Brit.  Col.  System,  295-317;  Osgood,  Amer.  Cols.,  Ill, 
12-22;  Snow,  Administration  of  Dependencies,  49-69. 

(a)    Crown  denies  Parliament  right  to  legislate 

for  colonies. 
(6)    Basis  of  the  exclusive  control  of  Crown  over 

colonies, 
(c)    Committees    and    councils    for    trade    and 

plantations. 

2.  Initial  efforts  to  regulate  colonial  trade. 

Beer,  Origins  Brit.  Col.  System,  117-240;  Osgood,  Amer.  Cols., 
Ill,  197-204. 

(a)    Tobacco  industry. 
(6)    Colonial  export  trade, 
(c)    Navigation. 

3.  Dissolution  of  the  London  Company,  162 J^.     (See 

p.  14.) 


48  AMERICAN    COLONIAL   HISTORY        [Part  III 

SECONDARY:  Beer,  Origins  Brit.  Col.  System,  304-307;  Charming, 
Hist.  U.  S.,  I,  218-224;  Doyle,  Eng.  Cols.,  I,  170-184;  Egerton, 
Brit.  Col.  Pol.,  23-38;  Osgood,  Amer.  Cols.,  Ill,  25-51. 

SOURCES:  Hart,  Contemp.,  I,  nos.  66, 67;  Nars.  Early  Va.  (O.  N.  S.), 
419-455. 

(a)    Basis  of  royal  hostility  to  the  company. 

(6)    Factional  strife  within  the  company. 

(c)    Process  by  which  the  charter  was  annulled. 

4.  Royal  government  in  Virginia,  1625-1 641 . 

Beer,  Origins  Brit.  Col.  System,  307-312,  318-323;  Channing,  Hist. 
U.  S.,  I,  224-236;  Doyle,  Eng.  Cols.,  1, 188-189,  197-201,  206-209; 
Greene,  Provincial  Governor,  23-24,  32-35;  Osgood,  Amer.  Cols., 
Ill,  72-102. 

(a)   Effect  of  overthrow  of  company  on  colony. 
(6)    Royal  commission  of  1625;    policy  of  cen- 
tralization. 

(c)  Character  of  royal  government;  instructions 

to  governors  Harvey,  Wyatt,  Berkeley. 

(d)  Relations  of  governors  to  the  council  and 

assembly. 

5.  The  Crown  and  Massachusetts  Bay  Company. 

SECONDARY:    Beer,  Origins  Brit.  Col.  System,  323-331;    Doyle, 

Eng.  Cols.,  II,  118-121,  144-148;  Egerton,  Brit.  Col.  Pol..  51-54; 

Osgood,  Amer.  Cols.,  Ill,  54-70;    Palfrey,  Hist.  New  Eng.,  I, 

391-406. 
SOURCES:    Hart,  Contemp.,  I,  nos.  109,  128;    Winthrop,  Journals 

(O.  N.  S.),  I,  99-101,  135,  145,  274-275. 

(a)    Corporation   and  colony  identified;    effect 

on  royal  control. 
(6)    Complaints  against  the  company. 

(c)  Laud  Commission,  1634,    and  the  Puritan 

Exodus. 

(d)  Attacks  on  the  charter. 

(e)  Defiant  attitude  of  the  company. 


Section  I]     AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY  49 

D.  Decentralization  during  Civil  War,  1641-1649. 

Andrews,  Brit.  Corns.,  etc.  (J.  H.  S.,  XXVI,  24-30);  Andrews,  Col. 
Self  Gov't.  (A.  N.  S.),  232-242;  Beer,  Origins  Brit.  Col.  System, 
340-359;  Chalmers,  Introduction  to  Revolt  of  Cols.,  I,  71-82; 
Egerton,  Brit.  Col.  Pol.,  57-64;  Fiske,  Old  Va.,  etc.,  I,  306-318; 
Osgood,  Amer.  Cols.,  Ill,  105-114;  Steiner,  Civil  War  in  Md. 
(J.  H.  S.,  XXV.  198-268). 

1.  Parliamentary  council  for  the  colonies. 

(a)   Personnel. 

(6)    Powers  and  activities. 

2.  Attitude  of  colonies  toward  Parliament. 

(a)  Friendly  attitude  of  Puritans. 

(b)  Hostility  of  Virginia  and  West  Indies. 

(c)  Civil  War  in  Maryland. 

E.  The  Empire  under  Cromwell,  1649-1660. 

SECONDARY:  Beer,  Brit.  Col.  System,  360-424;  Beer,  Cromwell's 
Col.  Pol.  (Pol.  Science  Quar.,  XVI,  582-611,  XVII,  46-70); 
Channing,  Hist.  U.  S.,  I,  485-507;  Doyle,  Eng.  Cols.,  I,  212-228, 
302-312;  Egerton,  Brit.  Col.  Pol.,  64-66;  Osgood,  Amer.  Cols., 
Ill,  114-142,  204-206;  Strong,  Forgotten  Danger  to  New  Eng. 
Cols.  (A.  H.  A.  R.,  1898,  77-94). 

SOURCES:  Hart,  Contemp.,  I,  no.  69;  MacDonald,  Select  Charters, 
106-110. 

1.  Reorganization  of  the  colonies. 

(a)   Establishment    of    executive    in    England; 

effect  on  colonies. 
(6)    Colonial  councils  under  Cromwell. 

(c)  Action  against  defiant  colonies;  act  of  1650. 

(d)  The    royal    commission    in   Virginia;    per- 

sonnel, power,  work. 

(e)  The  royal  commission  in  Maryland. 

2.  Constructive     features     of     Cromwell's     colonial 

policy. 


50  AMERICAN    COLONIAL   HISTORY        [Part  III 

(a)   Navigation   act   of    1651    and   commercial 

*  rivalry  with  the  Dutch. 
(6)    War  with  Holland  and  Spain;  results. 

(c)  Influence  of  merchants  on  colonial  policy. 

(d)  The  West  Indies;    their  importance,   and 

schemes  of  colonization. 


SECTION  H.     COLONIAL  POLICY   OF  THE 
RESTORATION,   1660-1689 

A.  General  Character  of  the  Period. 

Andrews,  Brit.  Corns.,  etc.  (J.  H.  S:,  XXVI,  67-68);  Charming, 
Hist.  U.  S.,  II,  1-7;  Hunt,  Pol.  Hist.  Eng.,  VIII,  209-238; 
Osgood,  Amer.  Cols.,  Ill,  143-147;  Palfrey,  Hist.  New  Eng.,  II, 
421-447;  Trevelyan,  Eng.  under  Stuarts,  350-382. 

1.  Revival  of  colonial  interest;  comparison  with  Eliza- 

bethan age. 

2.  Classes  interested  in  the  colonial  movement;   states- 

men, Clarendon,  Shaftesbury,  Duke  of  York, 
Berkeley,  Carteret;  merchants,  Noell,  Povey. 

3.  Centralizing  tendencies  in  England  and  in  colonies. 

B.  The   Colonial   Policy  Formulated:    Acts   of   Trade   and 

Navigation. 

SECONDARY:    Andrews,  Col.  Period,  107-127;    Andrews,  Col.  Self 

Gov't.   (A.  N.  S.),  4-21,  31-36;    Beer,  Eng.  Commercial  Pol. 

(C.  U.  S.,  Ill,  9-42);    Channing,  Hist.  U.  S.,  II,  7-13,  27-28; 

Channing,  Navigation    Acts  (Amer.    Antiq.  Soc.   Proc.,   1889); 

Egerton,  Brit.  Col.  Pol.,  67-74;    Cunningham,  Growth  of  Eng. 

Industry  and  Commerce  (Mod.  Times),  II,  101-156;    Osgood, 

Amer.  Cols.,  Ill,  206-217;  Schmoller,  Mercantile  System  (Ashley 

Econ.  Classics). 
SOURCES:  Amer.  Hist.  LeaBets,  no.  19;   Child,  Sir  J.,  Discourse  on 

Trade;   MacDonald,  Select  Charters,  110-116,  119-120,  133-136, 

168-171 ;  Mun,  Thos.,  Eng.  Treasure  by  Forraign  Trade  (Ashley 

Econ.  Classics). 


Section  II]     AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY  51 

1.  Analysis  of  the  commercial  laws  of  the  Empire. 

(a)   Regulation  of  navigation;    development  of 

sea  power. 
(6)    England  as  the  staple  of  colonial  export  and 

import  trade;   creation  of  a  self-sufficient 

economic  empire. 

(c)  Historical  precedents  for  the  principles. 

(d)  Literature  on  the  economic  theories  of  colo- 

nization;  Josiah  Childs,  Thomas  Mun. 

2.  Machinery  of  administration. 

(a)   Duties  of  the  governors. 

(6)    Courts  to  prosecute  breaches  of  the  laws. 

(c)    Anomalous  position  of  the  charters. 

C.   Colonial  and  Commercial  Expansion. 

Andrews,  Col.  Self  Gov't.  (A.  N.  S.),  74-84,  101-109,  129-139. 
165-175;  Channing,  Hist.  U.  S.,  II,  13-17,  31-38;  Osgood,  Amer. 
Cols.,  Ill,  143-149. 

1.  Trading  corporations. 

(a)   Hudson's  Bay  Company  in  Canada,  1670. 
(6)    Royal  African  Company,  1662,  1672. 

2.  The  foundation  of  new  colonies. 

(a)    Carolinas:     Clarendon,    Shaftesbury.     (See 

p.  21.) 
(6)    Pennsylvania    and    Delaware,    1681-1685. 

(See  p.  22.) 

3.  Conquest  of  New  Netherlands,  1664-     (See  p.  20.) 

(a)   First  Dutch  War  of  the  Restoration :  causes. 
(6)    New  York  granted  to  the  Duke  of  York. 

(c)  New  Jersey  sub-granted  to  Berkeley  and 

Carteret. 

(d)  Second  Dutch  War  of  the  Restoration. 


52  AMERICAN   COLONIAL  HISTORY       [Part  III 

D.  Organs  of  Imperial  Control. 

Andrews,  Brit.  Corns.,  etc.  (J.  H.  S.,  XXVI,  61-112);  Andrews,  Col. 
Self  Gov't.  (A.  N.  S.),  22-31;  Egerton,  Brit.  Col.  Pol.,  74-75; 
Osgood,  Amer.  Cols.,  Ill,  149-156,  280-283. 

1.  Extent  of  parliamentary  authority  over  the  colonies. 

2.  Predominance    of   royal    control:    force    of   royal 

orders. 

3.  Select  councils  for  trade  and  plantations,  1660- 

1674;  personnel  and  powers. 

4.  The  Lords  of  Trade  and  Plantations,  1675-1689. 

E.  Administration  of  the  Southern  Colonies:    Virginia  and 

England,  1660-1689. 

SECONDARY:  Andrews,  Col.  Self  Gov't.  (A.  N.  S.),  202-231;  Chal- 
mers, Introduction  to  Revolt  of  Cols.,  I,  97-102,  156-170;  Chan- 
ning,  Hist.  U.  S.,  II,  79-91;  Doyle,  Eng.  Cols.,  I,  230-265;  Fiske, 
Old  Va.,  etc.,  II,  45-155;  Mereness,  Md.,  460-463;  Osgood, 
Amer.  Cols.,  Ill,  217-218,  223-228,  242-308. 

SOURCE:  Hart,  Contemp.,  I,  no.  71. 

1.  Close  relations  between  Virginia  and  England. 

(a)   In  religion  and  political  institutions. 
(6)    In  commerce. 

2.  Royal   government   under   Sir    William   Berkeley, 

1660-1675. 

(a)  Powers  of  royal  governor  and  council. 
(6)  Development  of  an  official  aristocracy, 
(c)  Relations  between  executive  and  legislature. 

3.  Discontent  in  Virginia. 

(a)   Enforcement  of  the  acts  of  trade:   attitude 

of  Berkeley. 
(6)    Economic  distress:  tobacco  crop  and  prices. 

(c)  Land  grants  to  royal  favorites:    Arlington 

and  Culpeper. 

(d)  Indian  troubles. 


Section  II]     AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY  53 

4.  Bacon's    Rebellion    and    the    Royal    Commission, 

1675-1677. 

(a)   Basis  of  popular  discontent. 
(6)    The  rise  of  the  people  under  Bacon:    his 

character. 

(c)  Conflict  between  Baconians  and  Berkeleians. 

(d)  The    royal    commission:      adjustment    of 

troubles. 

5.  Administrations  of  Lords  Culpeper  and  Howard  of 

Effingham,  1681-1689. 

(a)    Character  of  the  governors. 

(6)    Culpeper  and  the  tobacco  riots. 

(c)    Howard  and  the  quarrels  with  the  legisla- 
ture. 

6.  Disturbance  in  North  Carolina. 

(a)   Illegal  trade:   character  and  extent. 
(6)    Efforts    to    enforce    the    acts    of     trade: 
Culpeper's  Rebellion,  1677. 

7.  Conflicts  between  royal  and  proprietary  officials  in 

Maryland. 

F.  Administration  of  the  Northern  Colonies:  Massachusetts 
and  England,  1660-1685. 

SECONDARY:  Andrews,  Col.  Self  Gov't.  (A.  N.  S.),  69-73;  Chalmers, 
Introduction  to  Revolt  of  Cob.,  I,  103-115;  Channing,  Hist.  U.  S., 

II,  67-76;  Doyle,  Eng.  Cols.,  Ill,  134-152;  Osgood,  Amer.  Cols., 

III,  156-191;   Palfrey,  Hist.  New  Eng.,  II,  494-528,  578-632. 
SOURCE:  Hart,  Con  temp.,  I,  no.  132. 

1.   Lack  of  unity  between  northern  colonies  and  England, 
(a)   Puritanism  as  a  social  barrier. 
(6)    Charters  as  institutional  barriers.  t 

(c)  New  England  as  an  economic  competitor. 

(d)  Comparison  with  Virginia. 


54  AMERICAN    COLONIAL   HISTORY          [Part  III 

2.  The  Royal  Commission,  1664- 

(a)    Charges  against  Massachusetts :  Mason  and 

Gorges. 
(6)    Attitude  of  Massachusetts  to  royal  orders, 

1661,  1662. 

(c)  Royal    commission,    1664;     personnel    and 

power. 

(d)  Work   of   the   commission    in   Connecticut 

and  Rhode  Island. 

(e)  Massachusetts  defies  the  commission. 

(/)  Report  of  the  commission :  proposals  offered 
to  Crown. 

3.  Dissolution  of  the  Massachusetts  Bay  Company, 

1684. 

SECONDARY:  Andrews,  Col.  Self  Gov't.  (A.  N.  S.),  252-267;  Chan- 
ning,  Hist.  U.  S.,  II,  155-164;  Chalmers,  Introduction  to  Revolt 
of  Cols.,  I,  128-135;  Doyle,  Eng.  Cols.,  Ill,  190-210,  212-225; 
Kimball,  Joseph  Dudley,  1-38;  Kellogg,  Amer.  Col.  Charter 
(A.  H.  A.  R.,  1903,  I,  201-204);  Osgood,  Amer.  Cols.,  Ill,  218- 
220,  228-237,  309-333;  Palfrey,  Hist.  New  Eng.,  Ill,  241-397. 

SOURCE:  Hart,  Contemp.,  I,  no.  135. 

(a)  Illegal  trade:  experiences  of  Edward  Ran- 
dolph; his  character. 

(6)  Territorial  aggressions:  charges  of  Mason 
and  Gorges. 

(c)  Evasive   conduct   toward   royal   authority: 

the  colonial  agents. 

(d)  Judicial    proceedings    against    the    charter: 

company  dissolved,  1684. 

(e)  Provisional      government      under      Joseph 

Dudley,  1685. 

4.  Royal  government  established  in  New  Hampshire, 

1679. 


Section  II]     AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY  55 

Belknap,  New  Hampshire,  I,  164-188;  Chalmers,  Introduction  to 
Revolt  of  Cols.,  I,  136-142;  Doyle,  Eng.  Cols.,  Ill,  210-212, 
226-229;  Fry,  New  Hampshire  (C.  U.  S.,  XXIX,  66-77,  209-220); 
Osgood,  Amer.  Cols.,  Ill,  336-357;  Palfrey,  Hist.  New  Eng., 
Ill,  403-420 

(a)    Claims  of  Massachusetts  to  New  Hampshire 

denied,  1677. 

(6)    Provisional  government,  1679. 
(c)    Administration  of  Edward  Cranfield,  1682- 

1685. 

G.   Centralization  of  Colonial  Administration,  1685-1689. 

SECONDARY:  Andrews,  Col.  Self  Gov't.  (A.  N.  S.),  267-272;  Chal- 
mers, Introduction  to  Revolt  of  Cols.,  I,  177-182;  Charming, 
Hist.  U.  S.,  II,  164-187;  Doyle,  Eng.  Cols.,  Ill,  230-262,  IV, 
183-190;  Kimball,  Joseph  Dudley,  39-56;  Osgood,  Amer.  Cols., 
Ill,  358-362,  378-413;  Palfrey,  Hist.  New  Eng.,  HI,  513-569. 

SOURCE:  Hart,  Contemp.,  I,  no.  122. 

1.  Growth  of  royal  power  in  England. 

(a)   Arbitrary  government  of  later  Stuarts. 
(6)    Attacks  on  the  charters  in  England. 

2.  Policy  of  centralization  in  America. 

(a)  Two-fold  policy;  vacation  of  charters  and 
consolidation  of  colonies;  justification. 

(6)  Comparison  with  the  French  and  Spanish 
colonial  systems. 

3.  The  Dominion  of  New  England. 

(a)   The  royal  commission  to  Governor  Dongan 

of  New  York;   compare  with  commission 

to  Culpeper  and  Cranfield. 
(6)    Action  against  the  charters  of  Rhode  Island 

and  Connecticut;  voluntary  submission, 
(c)    Seven  colonies  united  under  absolute  control 

of  Governor-general  Andros. 


56  AMERICAN   COLONIAL   HISTORY        [Part  III 

(d)  Difficulties  of  the  problem. 

(e)  Growth  of  colonial  opposition. 

H.  The  Revolution  of  1688-1689. 

1.  In  England. 

Chalmers,  Introduction  to  Revolt  of  Cols.,  I,  199-213;  Hunt,  Pol. 
Hist.  Eng.,  VIII,  289-313;  Trevelyan,  Eng.  under  the  Stuarts, 
446-463. 

(a)   Opposition    to    James    II;     religious    and 

political. 
(6)    Abdication  of  James  II. 

(c)  Convention  Parliament;  William  and  Mary. 

(d)  Influence  of  Revolution  on  colonies. 

2.  In  New  England. 

SECONDARY:  Andrews,  Col.  Self  Gov't.  (A.  N.  S.),  273-279;  Chan- 
ning,  Hist.  U.  S.,  II,  189-203;  Doyle,  Eng.  Cols.,  Ill,  262-272; 
Osgood,  Amer.  Cols.,  Ill,  415-423;  Palfrey,  Hist.  New  Eng., 
Ill,  570-598. 

SOURCE:  Hart,  Contemp.,  I,  no.  136. 

(a)  Overthrow  of  Andros  regime  and  resumption 
of  charter  government  in  Massachusetts. 

(6)  Charter  government  resumed  legally  in 
Rhode  Island  and  Connecticut. 

3.  Leislerian  revolt  in  New  York. 

SECONDARY:  Andrews,  Col.  Self  Gov't.  (A.  N.  S.),  283-287;  Chan- 
ning,  Hist.  U.  S.,  II,  203-209;  Doyle,  Eng.  Cols.,  IV,  190-213; 
Osgood,  Amer.  Cols.,  Ill,  444-470. 

SOURCE:  Hart,  Contemp.,  I,  no.  157. 

(a)    Causes  of  popular  discontent. 
(6)    The  administration  of  Leisler. 

4.  Revolution  in  Maryland.     (See  p.  31.) 

Andrews,  Col.  Self  Gov't.  (A.  N.  S.),  279-283;  Channing,  Hist. 
U.  S.,  II,  209-213;  Doyle,  Eng.  Cob.,  I,  314-327;  Mereness, 


Section  II]     AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY  57 

Md.,  32-41;   Osgood,  Amer.  Cols.,  Ill,  477-500;    Sparks,  Rev. 
in  Md.  (J.  H.  S.,  XIV,  500-557). 

(a)   Popular  opposition  to  narrow  proprietary 

system. 

(6)    The  religious  element, 
(c)    Proprietary  government  overthrown. 


PART  FOUR 
PROVINCIAL    AMERICA,    1690-1748 


SECTION  I.    EXTENSION   OF  IMPERIAL  CONTROL 

1690-1714 

A.  Revival  of  British  Imperial  Sentiment. 

Andrews,  Col.  Period,  128-154;  Chalmers,  Introduction  to  Revolt 
of  Cols.,  I,  217-226;  Channing,  Hist.  U.  S.,  II  217-226;  Cun- 
ningham, Eng.  Ind.  and  Com.,  II  (Mod.  Times),  263-272;  Eger- 
ton,  Brit.  Col.  Pol.,  114-116;  Greene,  Prov.  Amer.,  3-16,  30-33. 

1.  Growing  influence  of  mercantile  interests. 

2.  Beginning    of    international    wars    for    colonial 

supremacy. 

3.  Trade  and  defence  demand  imperial  centralization. 

B.  Provincial  Reorganization. 

Chalmers,  Introduction  to  Revolt  of  Cols.,  I,  242-260;  Channing, 
Hist.  U.  S.,  II,  226-230,  296-306;  Doyle,  Eng.  Cols.,  Ill,  288-294, 
IV,  213-223;  Greene,  Prov.  Amer.  (A.  N.  S.),  ch.  ii;  Mereness, 
Md.,  41-45;  Osgood,  Amer.  Cols.,  Ill,  424-440,  470-476,  501- 
506;  Palfrey,  Hist.  New  Eng.,  IV,  61-89. 

1.  Royal  government  established  in  Maryland. 

(a)    Hostility    to    proprietary    government    in 

England,  reasons. 
(6)    Opinion  of  Holt,  C.  J. ;  power  of  Crown  over 

charters, 
(c)    Royal  governor  appointed,  1691. 

2.  The  Massachusetts  charter,  1691. 

(a)    Restoration  of  the  old  charter  denied. 


Section  I]     AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY  59 

(6)    The  new  charter;  a  compromise. 
(c)    Maine  and  Plymouth  incorporated  in  Massa- 
chusetts. 
3.   New  York. 

(a)   Opposition  of  Leisler  party  to  royal  agents. 
(6)    Governor  Sloughter  and  downfall  of  Leisler 
party. 

C.  The  Colonial  System  Reconstructed. 

SECONDARY:  Chalmers,  Introduction  to  Revolt  of  Cols.,  I,  268-280; 
Channing,  Hist.  U.  S.,  II,  230-239,  251-268,  272-279;  Egerton, 
Brit.  Col.  Pol.,  116-117;  Greene,  Prov.  Amer.  (A.  N.  S.),  33-36, 
43-49;  Keith,  Eng.  and  Scot.,  1603-1707,  111-140,  163-183; 
Root,  Rels.  Pa.  with  Brit.  Gov't.,  5-9,  14-19;  Scott,  Eng.  Joint 
Stock  Cos.,  II,  207-216. 

SOURCES:  Hart,  Contemp.,  II,  127-131;  MacDonald,  Select 
Charters,  212-217. 

1.  The  commercial  system  not  enforced. 

(a)    Prevalence  of  illegal  trade  and  piracy. 

(6)    Scotch  interlopers. 

(c)    Complaints  of  the  English  merchants. 

2.  The  navigation  act  of  1696. 

(a)  Influence  of  the  merchants  in  Parliament. 

(6)  Vice-admiralty  courts  established. 

(c)  Customs  service  reorganized. 

(d)  Governors  of  chartered  colonies  put  under 

royal  control. 

3.  The  Board  of  Trade  and  Plantations,  1696. 

Dickerson,  Amer.  Col.  Gov't.,  17-31;  Fox-Bourne,  Life  of  John 
Locke,  III,  348  ff.;  Kellogg,  Amer.  Col.  Charter  (A.  H.  A.  R., 
1903,  I,  278-310). 

(a)   Attempts  to  create  a  parliamentary  colonial 
council. 


60  AMERICAN   COLONIAL   HISTORY        [Part  IV 

(b)  Council  created  by  royal  commission. 

(c)  Composition  and  functions. 

(d)  Activities  and  policies,  1696-1714. 

D.  Parliamentary  Attacks  on  the  Colonial  Charters. 

Chalmers,  Introduction  to  Revolt  of  Cola.,  I,  303-324;  Dickerson, 
Amer.  Col.  Gov't.,  209-214;  Greene,  Prov.  Amer.  (A.  N.  S.), 
57-62;  Kellogg,  Amer.  Col.  Charter  (A.  H.  A.  R.t  1903,  I,  278- 
310);  Root,  Rels.  Pa.  with  Brit.  Gov't.,  340-350,  360-361. 

1.  Factors  which  provoked  the  policy. 

(a)    Charters  as  barriers  to  imperial  control. 
(6)    Charges  against  the  chartered  colonies. 

2.  The  bills  in  Parliament,  1701-1715. 

(a)  Policy  shaped  and  urged  by  the  Board  of 

Trade    and    colonial    officials;     Edward 
Randolph. 

(b)  History  of  the  various  attempts. 

(c)  Failure  of  the  measures;  reasons. 

£.  Colonial  Attacks  on  the  Charters. 

SECONDARY:  GENERAL  ACCOUNTS:  Chalmers,  Introduction  to 
Revolt  of  Cols.,  I,  292-299,  379-385;  Channing,  Hist.  U.  S.,  II, 
341-354;  Doyle,  Eng.  Cols.,  IV,  338-350;  Kellogg,  Amer. 
Col.  Charter  (A.  H.  A.  R.,  1903,  I,  234-250,  310-318). 

SPECIAL  ACCOUNTS:  McCrady,  So.  Car.  under  Prop.  Gov't.,  624- 
680;  Raper,  No.  Car.,  25-26;  Root,  Rels.  Pa.  with  Brit.  Gov't., 
350-372;  Shepherd,  Pa.  (C.  U.  S.,  VII,  540-544);  Smith,  So. 
Car.  as  a  Royal  Prov.,  11-14;  Tanner,  New  Jersey  (C.  U.  S., 
XXX,  135-138). 

SOURCE:  Hart,  Contemp.,  II,  133-137. 

1.  -  Colonial  forces  operating  against  the  charters. 
(a)    Inefficient  or  arbitrary  government. 
(6)   Influence  of  the  English  Church  in  the  col- 
onies. 


Section  II]     AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY  61 

2.  The    overthrow    of   the    Maryland    charter,    1689. 

(See  pp.  31,  56.) 

3.  New  Jersey  becomes  a  royal  province,  1702. 

(a)    Difficulties  of  the  proprietors. 
(6)    Terms  of  surrender. 

4.  Pennsylvania,  royal  or  proprietary? 

(a)   Penn's  difficulties. 

(6)    Negotiations,  1703-1712;  failure. 

5.  Royal  government  in  South  Carolina. 

(a)  Discontent  of  the  colonists  with  proprietary 
rule. 

(6)  Revolution,  1719;  royal  government  estab- 
lished. 

6.  Attacks  continued. 

(a)   Report   of   the    Board    of    Trade,     1721; 

Dummer's  Defence. 
(6)    Rhode   Island   and   Connecticut  refuse   to 

surrender  their  charters,  1723. 
(c)    Surrender  of  the  Carolina  charter,  1729. 

7.  Results  of  the  pressure  against  the  charters. 

(a)   Royal  province  predominates. 

(6)    Four  chartered  colonies;   restoration  of  the 

Maryland  charter,  1715. 
(c)    Significance  of  royal  control. 


SECTION  H.     THE  GROWTH  OF  THE  IMPERIAL 
CONSTITUTION,    1690-1748 

A.  The  Organs  of  Imperial  Control. 
1.   Parliament  and  the  colonies. 

SECONDARY:   Bancroft,  Hist.  U.  S.  (last  rev.),  II,  70-85;   Osgood, 
Amer.  Cols.,  Ill,  8-14,  512-514;   Osgood,  Eng.  and  the  Cols. 


62  AMERICAN   COLONIAL   HISTORY        [Part  IV 

(Pol.  Science  Quar.,  II,  440-469);  Root,  Rels.  Pa.  with   Brit. 
Gov.,  35-44. 
SOURCE:   Chalmers,  Opinions  (ed.  1858),  208-232. 

(a)  Effect  of  the  Revolution  of  1689  on  the 
position  of  Parliament  and  King. 

(6)  How  far  English  statutes  in  force  in  the 
colonies. 

(c)  Parliamentary  legislation  for  the  colonies; 
typical  acts. 

2.  Crown  and  the  colonies. 

SECONDARY:    Channing,  Hist.  U.  S.,  II,  223-227;    Greene,  Prov. 
gov.,  17-20;  Osgood,  Amer.  Cols.,  Ill,  15-21;  Raper,  No.  Car., 
-    222. 
SOURCE:  Chalmers,  Opinions  (ed.  1858),  64-67. 

(a)  Limitations  on  the  prerogative  in  Eng- 
land. 

(6)    Force  of  the  prerogative  in  the  colonies. 

(c)  Examples  of  royal  power;  suspension  of 
charters,  the  commission  to  the  royal 
governor,  the  royal  disallowance,  etc. 

3.  Organs  of  executive  control. 

Anson,  Law  and  Custom  of  the  Const.  (3d  ed.),  II,  pt.  i,  160-164, 
175-179;  Cheyney,  European  Backgrounds  (A.  N.  S.),  240-249; 
Kellogg,  Amer.  Col.  Charter  (A.  H.  A.  R.,  1903,  I,  207-209, 
225-227);  Root,  Rels.  Pa.  with  Brit.  Gov't,  11-14;  Todd,  Par- 
liamentary Gov't.  (2d  ed.),  523,  606-612. 

(a)    Privy  Council;    composition  and  functions. 
(6)    Secretary  of  State;   powers  and  authority. 

(c)  Lords  of  the  Treasury;   the  Commissioners 

of  the  Customs. 

(d)  Lords  of  the  Admiralty. 

(e)  Crown  lawyers. 


Section  II]   AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY  63 

4.   Board  of  Trade  and  Plantations.     (See  p.  59.) 

Clark,  Board  of  Trade  at  Work  (Amer.  Hist.  Rev.,  XVII,  17-43); 
Channing,  Hist.  U.  S.,  II,  230-238;  Dickerson,  Amer.  Col.  Gov't., 
17-133;  Greene,  Prov.  Amer.  (A.  N.  S.),  43-49,  166-172;  Kellogg, 
Amer.  Col.  Charter  (A.  H.  A.  R.,  1903,  I,  210-225);  Root,  Rels. 
Pa.  with  Brit.  Gov't.,  14-29. 

(a)    Organization,  personnel,  functions. 

(6)    Relations  to  the  Privy  Council,  Secretary 

of  State,  Parliament, 
(c)    Various  periods  of  activity. 

B.  The  Provincial  Constitutions. 

SECONDARY:  GENERAL  ACCOUNTS:  Andrews,  Col.  Period,  157- 
185;  Bancroft,  Hist.  U.  S.  (last  rev.),  II,  238-266;  Chalmers, 
Introduction  to  Revolt  of  Cols.,  II,  3-81,  111-168,  189-248; 
Channing,  Hist.  U.  S.,  II,  282-310,  319-339;  Doyle,  Eng.  Cols., 
V,  77-81,  83-100, 138-145;  Greene,  Prov.  Amer.  (A.  N.  S.),  63-82, 
194-200;  Greene,  Prov.  Gov.,  46-132,  145-202;  Palfrey,  Hist. 
New  Eng.,  IV,  245-255,  288-297,  379-405,  497-529. 

ACCOUNTS  OF  PARTICULAR  COLONIES:  Fisher,  New  Jersey  (C. 
U.  S.,  XLI,  101-166);  Fry,  New  Hampshire  (C.  U.  S.,  XXIX, 
66-208);  Kimball,  Jos.  Dudley,  76-99;  Mereness,  Md.,  154-163, 
171-193,  200-227,  339-393;  Raper,  No.  Car.,  27-37,  71-78,  85- 
100,  186-220;  Smith,  So.  Car.  as  a  Royal  Prov.,  73-115,  passim; 
Spencer,  Const'l.  Conflicts  in  Mass.;  Spencer,  Phases  of  Royal 
Gov't.  in  N.  Y.;  Tanner,  New  Jersey  (C.  U.  S.,  XXX,  148-231, 
280-457). 

SOURCES:  For  a  copy  of  the  royal  commission  and  instructions  see 
Greene,  Prov.  Gov't.,  226-260;  Hart,  Contemp.,  II,  no.  55;  Kim- 
ball,  Jos.  Dudley,  211-218.  For  the  royal  charters  see  Mac- 
Donald,  Select  Charters;  Poore,  Charters  and  Consts.;  Thorpe, 
Charters  and  Consts.  See,  also,  Hart,  Contemp.,  II,  nos.  61-66. 

1.    The  constitution  of  the  provinces. 

(a)   Proprietary    charters;     Pennsylvania    and 

Maryland. 
(6)    Royal  commission  and  instructions. 


64  AMERICAN   COLONIAL   HISTORY        [Part  IV 

(c)  Massachusetts  charter,  1691;  a  compromise. 

(See  pp.  58-59.) 

(d)  Charters  and  commissions  as  fundamental 

laws. 

2.  The  elements  of  the  constitutional  conflicts. 

(a)    General    position    of    the    prerogative    and 

popular  bodies. 

(6)    Antagonism  of  interests  and  ideals, 
(c)    Colonial  claims  to  the  rights  and  privileges 

of  Englishmen.     Colonial  Bills  of  Rights; 

Pennsylvania  Charter  of  Privileges,  1701. 

3.  Rise  of  the  assemblies  to  power. 

(a)    Struggles     for     legislative     independence; 

speakership,  biennial  and  triennial  acts, 

freedom    of    elections,     qualification     of 

members,  etc. 
(6)    Financial    controversies;     salary    and    fee 

question,    initiation   and   amendment   of 

money  bills, 
(c)    Legislative  encroachment  on  the  executive 

powers;    administration  of  the  finances 

and  the  militia. 

4.  Factors  which  aided  growth  of  popular  power. 

Dickerson,  Amer.  Col.  Gov't.,  133-192;    Root,  Rels.  Pa.  with  Brit. 
Gov't.,  382-386;  Hart,  Contemp.,  II,  nos.  54,  56-60. 

(a)    Distance  and  difficulties  of  communication 

between  colonies  and  England. 
(6)    Lack  of  vigorous  imperial  control. 

(c)  Weakness  of  the  governors'  position. 

(d)  Lack  of  a  fixed  civil  list;   proposals  to  tax 

colonists. 


Section  II]    AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY  65 

C.  Provincial  Leaders  and  Parties. 

1.  Some  provincial  leaders. 

Fisher,  New  Jersey  (C.U.  S.,  XLI,  25-46);  Greene,  Prov.  Amer.  (A. 
N.  S.),  208-227;  Kimball,  Jos.  Dudley;  Mereness,  Md.,  163- 
170;  McCrady,  So.  Car.,  1719-1776,  20-24,  250;  Raper,  No. 
Car.,  38-70;  Tanner,  New  Jersey  (C.  U.  S.,  XXX,  138-146). 

(a)   Popular  leaders. 

(6)    Royal  governors;   Englishmen. 

(c)    Royal  governors;  colonists. 

2.  The  extent  of  popular  control. 

Ambler,  Sectionalism  in  Va.,  ch.  i;  Becker,  Party  Machinery  in 
N.  Y.  (Amer.  Hist.  Rev.,  VI,  260-275,  VII,  56-76);  Becker, 
Pol.  Parties  in  N.  Y.,  ch.  i  (Univ.  Wis.  Bulletin);  Lincoln,  Rev. 
Movement  in  Pa.,  ch.  iii;  McKinley,  Suffrage  Franchise  in  Cols., 
473-488;  Miller,  Qualifications  for  Office  (A.  H.  A.  R.,  1899,  I, 
89-105);  Schaper,  Sectionalism  in  So.  Car.  (A.  H.  A.  R.,  1900, 
I,  338-353). 

(a)  Limitations  on  the  suffrage  franchise. 

(6)  Qualifications  for  office. 

(c)  Inequalities  of  representation. 

(d)  Development  of  a  political  aristocracy. 

(e)  Political  parties  and  methods. 

D.  The  Judicial  System. 

SECONDARY:  Fisher,  New  Jersey  (C.  U.  S.,  XLI,  240-248);  Fry, 
New  Hampshire  (C.  U.  S.,  XXIX,  421-470);  Greene,  Prov. 
Gov.,  133-145;  Lewis,  Gov't.  of  Deps.,  186-204;  McCrady, 
So.  Car.,  1719-1776,  ch.  xxiv;  Mereness,  Md.,  233-276;  Raper, 
No.  Car.,  148-167;  Shepherd,  Pa.  (C.  U.  S.,  VI,  370-400); 
Smith,  So.  Car.  as  a  Royal  Prov.,  118-157;  Washburn,  Jud. 
Hist.  Mass.,  151  ff. 

SOURCE:  Hart,  Contemp.,  II,  nos.  69-71,  74. 

1.    The  judiciary. 

(d)   Governor  and  council;     powers,    appellate 
jurisdiction. 


66  AMERICAN   COLONIAL   HISTORY         [Part  IV 

(b)  Legislature;  contest  for  control  of  judiciary. 

(c)  Judicial  functions  of  legislature  in  Connect- 

icut and  Rhode  Island. 

(d)  Provincial  or  supreme  courts. 
•(e)    Local  courts. 

2.  The  extension  of  English  common  and  statute  law 

to  colonies. 

SECONDARY:  Essays  in  Anglo-Amer.  Legal  Hist.,  I,  367-430;  Car- 
penter, Habeas  Corpus  in  the  Cola.  (Amer.  Hist.  Rev.,  VIII,  18) ; 
Reinsch,  Eng.  Common  Law  in  Cols.  (Univ.  Wis.  Bulletin); 
Sioussatt,  Eng.  Statutes  in  Md.  (J.  H.  S.,  XXI). 

SOUBCE:  Chalmers,  Opinions  (ed.  1858),  206-232. 

(a)  How  far  applicable;    opinions  of  Richard 

West,  1720. 

(b)  Struggle  in  Maryland. 

(c)  Habeas  Corpus  in  the  colonies. 

3.  Opposition  to  special  courts. 

(a)    Attacks  on  chancery  courts. 

(6)    Attacks  on  vice-admiralty  courts. 

Root,  Rels.  Pa.  with  Brit.  Gov't.,  158-179. 

4.  Peculiar  laws  and  punishments. 

Earle,  Curious  Punishments  of  By -gone  Days;  Ames,  Peculiar  Laws 
and  Customs  of  Col.  Days. 

(a)  Paternalistic  character. 

(6)  Sumptuary  laws. 

(c)  Punishment  and  treatment  of  criminals. 

(d)  Late  survivals  of  certain  punishments. 

5.  The  bench  and  bar. 

Warren,  Bench  and  Bar  in  Cols. 

•  (a)    Character  of  English  judicial  appointees. 
(6)    Some  colonial  lawyers, 
(c)    Law  books. 


Section  II]   AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY  67 

E.  The  Privy  Council  as  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  Empire. 

1.  The  royal  disallowance. 

SECONDARY:  Charming,  Hist.  U.  S.,  II,  240-245;  Dickerson,  Amer. 

Col.  Gov't.,  225-274;    Greene,  Prov.  Amer.  (A.  N.  S.),  49-55; 

Lewis,  Gov't.  of  Deps.,  246-252;  Lingley,  Va.  (C.  U.  S.,  XXXVI, 

23  ff.);   Root,  Rels.  Pa  with  Brit.  Gov't.,  128-180. 
SOURCES:  Chalmers,  Opinions'  (ed.  1858),  332-350;  Hart,  Contemp., 

II,  nos.  67,  73. 

(a)   Nature  and  extent  of  power. 
(6)    Provisions  of  royal  commission;   of  charters 
of  Massachusetts  and  Pennsylvania. 

(c)  Lack  of  provisions  in  other  charters;    sig- 

nificance. 

(d)  Procedure  and  treatment  of  laws. 

(e)  Reasons  for  disallowing  laws. 

(/)    Basis   of   colonial   opposition;    methods   of 
evasion. 

2.  Appeals. 

Andrews,  Conn.  Intestacy  Law  (Yale  Rev.,  Ill,  261-294);  Essays 
in  Anglo-Amer.  Legal  Hist.,  I,  421-462;  Davis,  Frost  vs.  Leighton 
(Amer.  Hist.  Rev.,  II,  229);  Dickerson,  Amer.  Col.  Gov't.,  274- 
281;  Hazeltine,  Appeals  to  Privy  Council  (A.  H.  A.  R.,  1894, 
310-322);  Kellogg,  Amer.  Col.  Charter  (A.  H.  A.  R.,  1903,  I, 
267-277);  Thayer,  Cases  on  Const'l.  Law,  I,  34-40. 

(a)  Origin  and  nature  of  power. 

(b)  Regulation  of  appeals  and  procedure. 

(c)  Typical    cases;     Winthrop    vs.    Lechmere, 

Philips   vs.    Savage,    Clark   vs.    Tousey, 
Frost  vs.  Leighton. 

(d)  Basis  of  colonial  opposition. 

3.  Complaints. 

Dickerson,  Amer.  Col.  Gov't.,  281-283. 


68  AMERICAN    COLONIAL   HISTORY        [Part  IV 

F.  The  Colonial  Agency. 

SECONDARY:  GENERAL  ACCOUNT:  Tanner,  Colonial  Agency  (Pol. 

Science  Quar.,  XVI,  24-49). 
SPECIAL  ACCOUNTS:   Fisher,  New  Jersey  (C.  U.  S.,  XLI,  95-100); 

Mereness,  Md.,  465-474;   Raper,  No.    Car.,    205-208;    Smith, 

So.  Car.  as  a  Royal  Prov.,  158-170. 
SOURCES:    Hart,  Contemp.,    II,  no.    68;   Kimball,   Corres.  Govs. 

R.  I.,  II,  contains  letters  of  the  agents  throwing  light  on  their 

activities. 

(a)    Conditions  which  gave  rise  to  agency. 
(6)    Personnel  and  functions. 

(c)  Contest  between  governors  and  assemblies 

for  control. 

(d)  Influence  of  agents. 

SECTION  m.     ECONOMIC   AND   INDUSTRIAL 
DEVELOPMENT 

A.  Resume  of  the  British  Commercial  Policy.     (See  pp.  50-51.) 

Andrews,  Col.  Self  Gov't.  (A.  N.  S.),  3-21;  Beer,  Brit.  Com.  Pol. 
(C.  U.  S.,  111,37-44);  Callender,  Econ.  Hist.  U.  S.,  85-108; 
Haney,  Hist.  Econ.  Thought,  87-112;  Osgood,  Amer.  Cols.,  Ill, 
193-197,  204-216. 

1.  General  principles  of  mercantilism. 

2.  Theory  of  balance  of  trade. 

3.  Acts  of  trade  and  navigation. 

(a)  Restrictions  on  colonial  importations. 

(6)  Enumerated  commodities. 

(c)  Regulation  of  navigation. 

(d)  Policy  as  to  manufactures. 

B.  The  Northern  Colonies. 

Andrews,  Col.  Period,  90-106;  Beer,  Origins  Brit.  Col.  System,  267- 
294;  Beer,  Brit.  Com.  Pol.  (C.  U.  S.,  Ill,  55-65,  91-100,  107-122); 
Callender,  Econ.  Hist.  U.  S.,  6-20,  51-63,  78-84;  Channing. 


Section  III]  AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY  69 

Hist.  U.  S.,  II,  492-496,  507-526;  Coman,  Industrial  Hist.  U.  S., 
ch.  iii;  Doyle,  Eng.  Cols.,  V,  3-4,  11-13,  18-22,  115-125,  153- 
158;  Greene,  Prov.  Amer.  (A.  N.  S.),  276-291;  Lord,  Industrial 
Exps.  (J.  H.  S.,  ex.  vol.  XVII,  3-55,  89-124);  Weeden,  Soc.  and 
Econ.  Hist.  New  Eng.,  I,  chs.  v,  vii,  ix,  II,  ch.  xiv. 

1.  Agriculture. 

(a)   Small  farms. 

(6)    Grain  and  cattle  raising. 

2.  Industries. 

(a)   Lumber  trade;   saw-mills. 
(6)    Ship  building. 

(c)  Fisheries. 

(d)  Distilleries. 

3.  England  and  the  northern  colonies  as  competitors. 

(a)  Basis  of  conflict  of  economic  interests. 

(6)  Extent  and  nature  of  commerce. 

(c)  Importance  of  West  Indian  trade. 

(d)  Molasses  Act,  1733;   colonial  evasion. 

(e)  Failure  to  develop  naval  stores. 
(/)  Conflict  over  timber  trade. 

C.  The  Southern  Colonies. 

Beer,  Origins  Brit.  Col.  System,  241-267;  Beer,  Brit.  Com.  Pol. 
(C.  U.S.,  Ill,  43-55,  100-106);  Bruce, Econ.  Hist.  Va.,  I,  chs.vi, 
vii;  Callender,  Econ.  Hist.  U.  S.,  20-28;  Doyle,  Eng.  Cols.,  V, 
32-34,  44-48;  158-162;  Greene,  Prov.  Amer.  (A.  N.  S.),  270-276; 
Lord,  Industrial  Exps.  (J.  H.  S.,  ex.  vol.  XVII,  56-86);  Mereness, 
Md.,  104-128;  Sioussat,  Va.  and  Eng.  Com.  System  (A.  H.  A.  R., 
1905,  I,  71-98). 

1.  The  plantation  system. 

(a)   Tobacco  culture. 
(6)    Rice  and  indigo. 

2.  Naval  stores. 

3.  Close    relations    between    England    and   Southern 

Colonies. 


70  AMERICAN   COLONIAL   HISTORY         [Part  IV 

(a)   Basis  of  intimate  commercial  relations. 

(6)  Tobacco  and  rice  as  enumerated  com- 
modities. 

(c)  Production  of  naval  stores  and  indigo; 
bounties. 


D.  Restrictions  on  Importations  and  Manufactures. 

Beer,  Brit.  Com.  Pol.  (C.  U.  S.,  Ill,  66-90);  Bishop,  Hist.  Mfrs., 
I;  Bruce,  Econ.  Hist.  Va.,  II,  chs.  xv-xviii;  Callender,  Econ. 
Hist.  U.  S.,  29-44;  Greene,  Prov.  Amer.  (A.  N.  S.),  278-5282; 
Lord,  Industrial  Experiments  (J.  H.  S.,  ex.  vol.  XVII,  125-139); 
Weeden,  Soc.  and  Econ.  Hist.  New  Eng.,  I,  303-310,  387-398, 
II,  492-507. 

1.  British  policy  as  to  colonial  importations. 

(a)   Restrictions  on  European  importations. 
(6)   Import  duties;  system  of  drawbacks. 

2.  Colonial  tariffs. 

Dickerson,  Amer.  Col.  Gov't.,  238-247;  Hill,  Colonial  Tariffs  (Quar. 
Jour.  Econs.,  VII,  78-100). 

(a)   Imposts  levied  on  English  ships  and  goods. 
(6)    Imposts  levied  on  importations  from  other 

colonies, 
(c)    Effect  on  the  freedom  of  trade;    English 

opposition. 

3.  Colonial  conditions  unfavorable  to  manufactures. 

(a)   Land  and  manufactures. 

(6)    Lack  of  labor  and  capital. 

(c)    Absence  of  manufactures  in  South;  reasons. 

4.  Prohibitions  on  manufactures. 

(a)   Tendencies  toward  manufactures  in  North; 

reasons. 
(6)    Woolen  Act,  1699. 


Section  III]  AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY  71 

(c)  Hat  Act,  1732. 

(d)  Iron  Act,  1750. 

E.  Enforcement  and  Effect  of  the  Commercial  System. 

Beer,  Brit.  Com.  Pol.  (C.  U.  S.,  Ill,  123-143);  Ashley,  Survey  Hist. 
and  Econ.,  309-360;  Callender,  Econ.  Hist.  U.  S.,  85-120;  Chan- 
ning,  Hist.  U.  S.,  II,  252-272;  Greene,  Prov.  Amer.  (A.  N.  S.), 
291-295;  Root,  Rels.  Pa.  with  Brit.  Gov't.,  45-76;  Seeley,  Ex- 
^  pansion  of  Eng.,  course  I,  lee.  iv;  Smith,  Wealth  of  Nations, 
bk.  iv,  ch.  vii,  pt.  iii;  Weeden,  Soc.  and  Econ.  Hist.  New  Eng., 
II,  655-665. 

1.  Administrative  machinery. 

(a)    Provisions  of  the  act  of  1696.     (See  p.  59.) 

(6)    Customs  service. 

(c)    Vice-admiralty  courts. 

2.  Defects  in  the  system  of  administration. 

(a)    Fee  system  and  sinecures. 
(6)    Lack  of  revenue  cutters, 
(c)    Attacks  on  the  vice-admiralty  courts.     (See 
p.  66.) 

3.  How  far  the  acts  of  trade  were  obeyed. 

(a)   Difficulties  of  drawing  any  conclusion. 
(6)    Prevalence  of  piracy;  causes, 
(c)    Illegal    trade;     Molasses    Act,    trade    with 
Dutch,  Scotch  trade  prior  to  1707. 

4.  Compensations  of  the  restrictive  system. 

(a)  System  of  bounties  and  rebates. 

(6)  British  naval  protection;  convoys. 

(c)  Concessions  to  colonial  tobacco  trade. 

(d)  Contrast  English  with  French  and  Spanish 

policies. 

5.  Was  the  system  injurious  or  beneficial? 

(d)   Opinion  of  Adam  Smith. 

(6)    Recent  opinions;  Seeley,  Ashley,  Beer. 


72  AMERICAN   COLONIAL   HISTORY        [Part  IV 

F.   Specie  and  Currency  Problems. 

SECONDARY:  GENERAL  ACCOUNTS:  Bullock,  Monetary  Hist.  U.  S.; 
Callender,  Econ.  Hist.  U.  S.,  62-68;  Channing,  Hist.  U.  S.,  II, 
496-507 •,  Dewey,  Finan.  Hist.  U.  S.,  ch.  i;  Douglass,  Currencies 
of  the  Cols.  (Amer.  Econ.  Asso.,  Studies,  II,  294-375);  Doyle, 
Eng.  Cols.,  V,  98-114;  Greene,  Prov.  Amer.  (A.  N.  S.),  295-299; 
Weeden,  Soc.  and  Econ.  Hist.  New  Eng.,  I,  314-336,  379-387, 
II,  473-491. 

SPECIAL  ACCOUNTS:  Bassett,  Va.  Planter  and  London  Merchant 
(A.  H.  A.  R.,  1901,  I,  553-575);  Davis,  Currency  and  Banking  in 
Mass.  (Amer.  Econ.  Asso.,  Pub.,  3d  ser.,  I,  no.  4,  II,  no.  2); 
Fisher,  New  Jersey  (C.  U.  S.,  XLI,  289-293);  Fry,  New 
Hampshire  (C.  U.  S.,  XXIX,  345-380);  Kimball,  Jos.  Dudley, 
157-174;  Raper,  No.  Car.,  125-140;  Root,  Rels.  Pa.  with  Brit. 
Gov't.,  180-200;  Smith,  So.  Car.  as  a  Royal  Prov.,  229-275. 

SOURCE:  Hart,  Con  temp.,  II,  nos.  88,  89. 

1.  The  lack  of  specie  in  the  colonies. 

(a)   Balance  of  trade  theory;    balance  unfavor- 
able to  colonies. 
(6)    Systems  of  primitive  barter. 

(c)  Foreign  coin  current;  how  secured. 

(d)  Regulation   of   standard;     royal   proclama- 

tion, 1704,  Coin  Act,  1708. 

2.  Colonial  currency  systems. 

(a)   Tobacco  currency  in  Maryland  and  Virginia; 

relations   between    colonial    planter    and 

London  merchant. 
(6)    Paper    currency;     forces    which    provoked 

policy. 

(c)  Systems  of  issue  and  funding. 

(d)  Legal  tender  element;   depreciation. 

3.  Currency  and  politics. 

Dickerson,  Amer.  Col.  Gov't.,  314-319. 

(a)    Basis  of  opposition  to  paper  money;  colonial 
creditors  and  British  merchants. 


Section  III]  AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY  73 

(6)    Contests  between  legislatures  and  governors. 

(c)  Opposition    of    home    government;     royal 

instructions,  Land  Bank  Act,  1741,  Cur- 
rency Act,  1751. 

(d)  Colonial  discontent. 

G.  The  Colonial  Labor  Systems. 

GENERAL  ACCOUNTS:  Bancroft,  Hist.  U.  S.  (last  rev.),  II,  268- 
287;  Callender,  Econ.  Hist.  U.  S.,  44-51,  742-748;  Channing, 
Hist.  U.  S.,  II,  367-394;  Doyle,  Eng.  Cols.,  V,  243-256;  Greene, 
Prov.  Airier.  (A.  N.  S.),  236-242;  Williams,  Hist.  Negro  Race, 

I,  115-316. 

1.  Economic  origin  of  slavery. 

2.  White  servitude. 

Ballagh,  White  Servitude  in  Va.  (J.  H.  S.,  XIII,  269-353);  Bassett, 
Servitude  in  No.  Car.  (J.  H.  S.,  XIV,  179-254);  Geiser,  In- 
dented Servants  in  Pa.  (Yale  Rev.,  X);  McCormac,  White  Ser- 
vitude in  Md.  (J.  H.  S.,  XXII,  119-224). 

(a)    Importation  of  convicts;  English  regulations. 
(6)    Voluntary  servitude. 

(c)  Terms  of  indenture. 

(d)  Position  of  servant  hi  colonies. 

3.  Negro  slavery. 

Ballagh,  Slavery  in  Va.  (J.  H.  S.,  ex.  vol.  XXTV);  Brackett,  Negro 
in  Md.  (J.  H.  S.,  ex.  vol.  VI);  Bruce,  Econ.  Hist.  Va.,  I,  ch.  ix, 

II,  chs.  x,  xi;    DuBois,  Suppression  of  Afr.  Slave  Trade,  1-38; 
Turner,  Negro  in  Pa.,  1-53;  Weeden,  Soc.  and  Econ.  Hist.  New 
Eng.  II,  449-472. 

(a)   Number  and  distribution  of  slaves. 
(6)    Slave  trade;    Royal  African  Co.,  Assiento, 
1713,  New  England  trade. 

(c)  Colonial  tariffs  on  slave  importations;  Eng- 

lish opposition. 

Dickerson,  Amer.  Col.  Gov't.,  247-249. 

(d)  Social  and  legal  status  of  slaves. 


74  AMERICAN    COLONIAL   HISTORY         [Part  IV 

SECTION  IV.     EXPANSION   OF   SETTLEMENT 
AND  FRONTIER  PROBLEMS 

A.  The  Land  Systems  as  a  Factor  in  Expansion. 

Ford,  Col.  Precedents  of  Nat'l.  Land  System  (Univ.  Wis.  Bulletin), 
29-35,  95-114;  Mathews,  Expansion  of  New  Eng.;  Mereness, 
Md.,  69-75,  94-96,  99-103;  Raper,  No.  Car.,  101-124;  Smith, 
So.  Car.  as  a  Royal  Prov.,  34-72;  Turner,  The  Old  West  (Wis. 
Hist.  Soc.  Proc.,  1908,  184-210). 

1.  The  engrossment  of  land. 

(a)   Large  estates  in  New  York. 
(6)    Land  frauds  in  Carolinas. 
(c)    Ill-effect  on  expansion;  efforts  of  home  gov- 
ernment to  check  practice. 

Dickerson,  Amer.  Col.  Gov't.,  251-252. 

2.  Land  bounties  to  stimulate  immigration  and  ex- 

pansion. 

(a)    System  of  head  rights. 
(6)    Military  grants. 

(c)  Speculative  grants. 

(d)  Township    system    in  New  England;    free 

grants  to  actual  settlers. 

3.  The  quit-rent  system  and  agrarian  troubles. 

Bond,  Quit  Rent  System  in  Cols.  (Amer.  Hist.  Rev.,  XVII,  496- 
516);  Fisher,  New  Jersey  (C.  U.  S.,  XLI,  171-206);  Fry,  New 
Hampshire  (C.  U.  S.,  XXIX,  209-214);  Shepherd,  Pa.  (C.  U. 
S.,  VI,  54-76). 

(a)    Colonial  opposition  to  quit-rents. 
(6)    Land  riots  in  New  Jersey. 

(c)  Opposition  to  Mason  claims  in  New  Hamp- 

shire. 

(d)  Squatters  in  Pennsylvania. 


Section  IV]  AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY  75 

B.   The  Coining  of  the  Foreigners  and  the  Old  West. 

GENERAL  ACCOUNTS:  Charming,  Hist.  U.  S.,  II,  401-422;  Doyle, 
Eng.  Cols.,  V,  305-321;  Greene,  Prov.  Amer.  (A.  N.  S.),  228- 
248;  Turner,  The  Old  West  (Wis.  Hist.  Soc.,  Proc.,  1908, 
211-233). 

SPECIAL  ACCOUNTS:  Bittenger,  Germans  in  Col.  Times;  Bolton, 
Scotch-Irish  Pioneers,  37-78,  130-378;  Faust,  German  Element 
in  U.  S.,  I,  chs.  iii-x;  Fosdick,  French  Blood  in  Amer.,  125-363; 
Hanna,  Scotch-Irish,  I,  614-623,  II,  1-93;  Kuhns,  German  and 
Swiss  Settlements  in  Pa.;  McCrady,  So.  Car.,  1719-1776,  ch. 
viii;  Mathews,  Expansion  of  New  Eng. 

1.  Population,  races,  and  distribution  by  1700. 

2.  Conditions  in  Europe  promoting  immigration. 

(a)    French    Huguenots  and  the  revocation  of 

the  Edict  of  Nantes,  1685. 
(6)    Scotch-Irish  and  English  oppression, 
(c)    Distress  in  the  German  Palatinate. 

3.  Foreign  immigration. 

(a)   Number  of  immigrants. 

(6)    Transportation  facilities  and  methods. 

(c)    Immigration  and  naturalization  laws. 

Carpenter,  Naturalization  in  Eng.  and  Cols.  (Amer.  Hist.  Rev., 
IX,  288-303);  Proper,  Col.  Immigration  Laws  (C.  U.  S.,  XVI). 

4.  The  "Old  West. 

MAPS:  Showing  areas  of  settlement:  Faust,  German  Element,  I, 
60,  82,  118,  178,  264;  Greene,  Prov.  Amer.  (A.  N.  S.),  6,  168; 
Hanna,  Scotch-Irish,  II,  at  title  page;  McCrady,  So.  Car.,  1719- 
1776,  120;  Mathews,  Exp.  New  Eng.,  56,  57,  70,  99. 

(a)   Expansion  in  New  England. 
(6)    Scotch-Irish  on  the  frontier;    their  charac- 
teristics. 

(c)  German  settlements.     • 

(d)  Economic  and  social  conditions  of  frontier. 

(e)  Antagonism  between  East  and  West. 

(/)    Influence  of  frontier  on  imperial  relations. 


76  AMERICAN    COLONIAL   HISTORY         [Part  IV 

C.   The  Problems  of  the  Frontier. 

SECONDARY:  Bancroft,  Hist.  U.  S.  (last  rev.),  II,  chs.  ix,  x;  Bate- 
son,  French  in  Amer.  (Cambridge  Mod.  Hist.,  VII,  70-100); 
Bourne,  Spain  in  Amer.  (A.  N.  S.),  253-268;  Channing,  Hist. 
U.  S.,  II,  131-154;  Doyle,  Eng.  Cols.,  V,  264-304;  Osgood,  Amer. 
Cols.,  II,  426-428;  Parkman,  Old  Regime,  pt.  ii;  Thwaites, 
France  in  Amer.  (A.  N.  S.),  chs.  ii-iv,  viii;  Walton,  Conrad  Weiser 
and  Indian  Pol.  Pa.,  chs.  i-vi. 

SOURCE:  Hart,  Contemp.,  II,  nos.  109-116. 

1.  General  conditions  affecting  defence  of  frontier. 

(a)    Conflicting  claims  of  England,  France,  and 

Spain. 
(6)    The  Indians. 

2.  The  French  in  North  America. 

(a)    Explorations,  settlements,  population. 

(6)    French    colonial    system;     organization    of 

Canada, 
(c)    Territorial  and  commercial  rivalry  between 

England  and  France. 

3.  The  Indian  problem. 

(a)  Policy  of  the  colonies  toward  natives. 

.  (6)  Ill-effects  of  decentralized  management. 

(c)  Contrast  with  Spanish  and  French  policies. 

(d)  Iroquois  and  St.  Lawrence  Valley. 

4.  The  theory  and  practice  of  defence. 

Beer,  Brit.  Col.  Pol.,  1754-1765,  ch.  i;  Fry,  New  Hampshire  (C.  U. 
S.,  XXIX,  473-521);  Merenes%  Md.,  279-312;  Raper,  No. 
Car.,  168-185;  Smith,  So.  Car.  as  a  Royal  Prov.,  171-210; 
Tanner,  New  Jersey  (C.  U.  S.,  XXX,  559-579). 

(a)  British  .theory  of  defence. 

(6)  Requisition  system. 

(c)  Colonial  systems  of  defence. 

(d)  Quaker  attitude  toward  problem. 


Section  IV]  AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY  77 

D.  The  Intercolonial  Wars. 

1.  King  William's  War,  1690-1697. 

SECONDARY:  Bancroft,  Hist.  U.  S.  (last  rev.),  II,  ch.  xi;  Charming, 
Hist.  U.  S.,  II,  529-532;  Doyle,  Eng.  Cols.,  Ill,  278-288,  317- 
322,  IV,  230-243;  Fortescue,  Hist.  Brit.  Army,  II,  241-252; 
Greene,  Prov.  Amer.  (A.  N.  S.),  119-135;  Palfrey,. Hist.  New 
Eng.,  IV,  143-158;  Parkman,  Frontenac,  chs.  xi,  xxi;  Root, 
Rels.  Pa.  with  Brit.  Gov't.,  256-269;  Schuyler,  Col.  New  York, 
I,  345-460. 

SOURCE:  Hart,  Contemp.,  II,  no.  117. 

(a)  Europe;  aggressions  of  Louis  XIV. 

(6)  America;   contest  for  St.  Lawrence  Valley. 

(c)  War  in  New  England;  Acadia. 

(d)  War  in  New  York;    St.  Lawrence  Valley 

and  Iroquois. 

(e)  Attitude  of  the  colonies  toward  war. 
(/)    Peace  of  Ryswick,  1697;   results. 

2.  Queen  Anne's  War,  1702-1713. 

SECONDARY:  Bancroft,  Hist.  U.  S.  (last  rev.),  II,  ch.  xii;  Channing, 
Hist.  U.  S.,  II,  345-347,  537-546;  Doyle,  Eng.  Cols.,  Ill,  345-353, 
367-376,  IV,  272-276;  Fortescue,  Hist.  Brit.  Army,  II,  254-257; 
Greene,  Prov.  Amer.  (A.  N.  S.),  136-165;  Hamilton,  Coloniza- 
tion of  South,  291-298;  Osgood,  Amer.  Cols.,  II,  429-432;  Pal- 
frey, Hist.  New  Eng.,  IV,  256-287;  Parkman,  Half  Century  of 
Conflict,  I,  chs.  i,  iii,  v,  vii,  viii;  Schuyler,  Col.  New  York,  II, 
15-50. 

(a)  Europe;   the  Spanish  Succession. 

(6)  America;   claims  of  France  and  Spain. 

(c)  New  York;  neutrality  of  the  Iroquois. 

(d)  New  England;    French  and  Indian  raids, 

1702-1709. 

(e)  Canadian  expeditions,  1709,  1711. 

(/)    Carolinas;   Spanish  and  Indian  attacks. 
-   (g)    Treaty  of  Utrecht,  1713;  results. 


78  AMERICAN    COLONIAL   HISTORY         [Part  IV 

.• 

3.  The  Empire  at  peace,  1713-1740. 

4.  Georgia  as  a  barrier  colony. 

SECONDARY:  Bruce,  Oglethorpe,  44-132;  Channing,  Hist.  U.  S., 
II,  363-365;  Chalmers,  Introduction  to  Revolt  of  Cols.,  II, 
177-189;  Doyle,  Eng.  Cols.,  V,  322-350;  Greene,  Prov.  Amer. 

.  (A.  N.  S.),  249-269;  Hamilton,  Colonization  of  South,  299-316; 
Jones,  Hist,  of  Ga.,  I,  82-132,  187-214;  Wright,  Oglethorpe, 
chs.  ii-vi. 

SOUBCE:   Hart,  Contemp.,  II,  nos.  39-41. 

(a)  Formation  of  Georgia  Company,  1732. 

(6)  Purposes;  philanthropic  and  military. 

(c)  Charter;  nature  of  government. 

(d)  Settlements. 

5.  War  with  Spain,  1736-1742. 

SECONDABT:  Bancroft,  Hist.  U.  S.  (last  rev.),  II,  292-299;  Bruce, 
Oglethorpe,  154-166;  Doyle,  Eng.  Cols.,  V,  351-360,  375- 
383,  390-401,  406-410;  Fortescue,  Hist.  Brit.  Army,  II,  55-79; 
Greene,  Prov.  Amer.  (A.  N.  S.),  261-264;  Jones,  Hist,  of  Ga., 
I,  chs.  xvi,  xvii,  xxi,  xxii;  McCrady,  So.  Car.,  1719-1776,  chs. 
xi,  xii;  Root,  Rels.  Pa.  with  Brit.  Gov't.,  279-287;  Thwaites, 
France  in  Amer.  (A.  N,  S.),  99-104;  Wright,  Oglethorpe,  chs.  ix, 
xi-xvii. 

SOUBCE:  Hart,  Contemp.,  II,  no.  118. 

(a)    Causes;   territorial  and  commercial  disputes 

in  West  Indies. 

(6)    Georgia  and  Spanish  attacks,  1736-1742. 
(c)    Expedition  to  West  Indies. 

6.  King  George's  War,  1744-17W- 

SECONDARY:  Bancroft,  Hist.  U.  S.  (last  rev.),  II,  299-310;  Chan- 
ning, Hist.  U.  S.,  II,  546-549;  Doyle,  Eng.  Cols.,  V,  409-426; 
Fisher,  New  Jersey  (C.  U.  S.,  XLI,  319-330);  Fortescue,  Hist. 
Brit.  Army,  II,  257-260;  Palfrey,  Hist.  New  Eng.,  V,  58-90; 
Parkman,  Half  Century  of  Conflict,  II,  chs.  xviii-xxiv;  Root, 
Rels.  Pa.  with  Brit.  Gov't.,  287-292. 

SOURCE:  Hart,  Contemp.,  II,  nos.  120,  121. 


Section  V]    AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY  79 

(a)  Europe;   the  Austrian  Succession. 

(6)  Canadian  expeditions. 

(c)  Attitude  of  colonies  toward  the  war. 

(d)  Peace  of  Aix-la-Chapelle,  1748;   results. 

SECTION   V.     INTERCOLONIAL  RELATIONS 

A.  The  Elements  of  Disunion.    Centrifugal  Tendencies. 

Dickerson,  Amer.  Col.  Gov't.,  249-251,  285-296;  Doyle,  Eng. 
Cols.,  V,  17-18,  48-76;  Fisher,  New  Jersey  (C.  U.  S.,  XLI, 
210-235);  Fry,  New  Hampshire  (C.  U.  S.,  XXIX,  241-273); 
Greene,  Prov.  Amer.  (A.  N.  S.),  190-194;  Palfrey,  Hist.  New 
Eng.,  IV,  554-559;  Shepherd,  Pa.  (C.  U.  S.,  VI,  117-168). 

1.  Effect  of  distance  and  difficulties  of  communication. 

2.  Differences  in  religious  and  political  institutions. 

3.  Intercolonial  boundary  disputes. 

(a)    Overlapping  boundary  claims. 
(6)    Home  government  as  arbiter. 

4.  Intercolonial  tariff  disputes. 

(a)    Provincialism  of  colonial  economic  systems. 
(6)    Discriminating  tariffs  and  imposts, 
(c)    Action  of  the  home  government. 

B.  Elements  of  Union.    Unifying  Tendencies. 

Channing,  Hist.  U.  S.,  II,  473-476;  Faust,  German  Element  in 
U.  S.,  I;  203-211,  263-285;  Frothingham,  Rise  of  the  Republic, 
101-129;  Greene,  Prov.  Amer.  (A.  N.  S.),  198,  301;  Greene,  Prov. 
Gov.,  178-180;  Hanna,  Scotch-Irish,  II,  1-5;  Jones,  Quakers  in 
Amer.,  141-146,  305-309,  538-544;  Wooley,  Col.  Post  Office. 

1.  Common  political  thought  and  action. 

2.  Improved  communication. 

(a)   Post-office. 

3.  The  frontier  as  a  unifying  force. 

(a)    Joint  conferences  with  Indians. 


80  AMERICAN    COLONIAL   HISTORY         [Part  IV 

(6)    Cooperation  in  military  enterprises. 

(c)    Sentiment  in  favor  of  union  for  defence. 
4.   Religion  as  a  unifying  force. 

(a)  Puritanism  in  New  England;  its  influence 
on  creation  of  the  New  England  Con- 
federation. 

(6)  Intercolonial  ecclesiastical  organization  of 
Presbyterians,  Germans,  Baptists,  Qua- 
kers. 

C.  Colonial  Unions  Created  and  Planned. 

Doyle,  Eng.  Cols.,  V,  74-75,  IV,  231-233;  Dickerson,  Amer.  Col. 
Gov't.,  209-212;  Greene,  Prov.  Amer.  (A.  N.  S.),  116-118; 
Greene,  Prov.  Gov.,  52;  Kellogg,  Amer.  Col.  Charters  (A.  H.  A.  R., 
1903,  I,  278-283);  Root,  Rels.  Pa.  with  Brit.  Gov't.,  261-269, 
338-339. 

1.  Colonial  unions  prior  to  1690. 

(a)    New  England  Confederation — colonial  idea. 
(6)    Dominion  of  New    England  —  prerogative 
idea. 

2.  Unions,  1690-1697. 

(a)    Colonial  appeals  for  union  for  protection. 
(6)    Personal  unions  formed,   1692-1697;    com- 
missions to  Fletcher,  Phips,  Bellomont. 
(c)    William  Penn's  Plan  of  Union,  1697. 

3.  Plans  of  union  proposed,  1698-1701. 

SECONDARY:    Fisher,  Evolution  of  the  Const.,  215-231;    Howard, 

Preliminaries  of  the  Rev.,  10-13. 
SOURCES:   Amer.  Hist.  Leaflets,  no.  14;   Carson,  Anniversary  Hist. 

of  the  Const.,  II,  449-467. 

(a)   D'Avenant's  plan,  1698. 
(6)    A  Virginian's  plan  and  Livingstone's  plan, 
1701. 


Section  VI]  AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY  81 

(c)  Board  of  Trade  plan,  1721. 

(d)  Coxe's  plan,  1722. 

4.   Personal  unions,  1702-1741' 

Fry,  New  Hampshire  (C.  U.  S.,  XXIX,  83-93);  Greene,  Prov. 
Amer.  (A.  N.  S.),  193;  Greene,  Prov.  Gov.,  53-54;  Kimball, 
Jos.  Dudley,  134-149;  Tanner,  New  Jersey  (C.  U.  S.,  XXX, 
231-241). 

(a)   New  Hampshire  and  Massachusetts,  1702- 

1741. 

(6)    New  York  and  New  Jersey,  1702-1738. 
(c)    Friction  between  colonies;   separation. 


SECTION  VI.     SOCIAL,  RELIGIOUS,  EDUCATIONAL 
CONDITIONS 

A.  The  Church  of  England  in  America. 

SECONDARY:  GENERAL  ACCOUNTS:  Anderson,  Ch.  of  Eng.  in  Cols., 
II,  352-420,  461-465,  550-573,  III,  108-134,  177-203;  Channing, 
Hist.  U.  S.,  II,  427-437;  Cobb,  Rise  of  Religious  Lib.,  96-107, 
123-132,  381-398,  454-467;  Doyle,  Eng.  Cols.,  V,  194-220; 
Greene,  Prov.  Amer.  (A.  N.  S.),  91-105;  Tiffany,  Prot.  Epis. 
Ch.  (Am.  Ch.  Hist.  Ser.,  VII),  56-286. 

SPECIAL  ACCOUNTS:  Cross,  Anglican  Epis.  and  Cols.,  1-112; 
Greene,  Prov.  Gov.,  128-132;  McCrady,  So.  Car.  under  Prop. 
Gov't.,  402-451,  470-476;  Mcllwaine,  Struggle  for  Toleration 
in  Va.  (J.  H.  S.,  XII,  176-235);  Mereness,  Md.,  437-459; 
Motley,  Jas.  Blair  (J.  H.  S.,  XIX,  455-501);  Tanner,  New  Jersey 
(C.  U.  S..  XXX,  580-601);  Weeks,  Rel.  Dev.  in  No.  Car.  (J.  H. 
S.,  X,  270-303);  Weeks,  Ch.  and  State  in  No.  Car.  (J.  H.  S., 
XI,  209-254). 

SOURCE:  Hart,  Contemp.,  II,  no.  101. 

1.    The  religious  situation  in  England. 

Lecky,  Hist.  Eng.,  I,  219-234,  274-287;  Trevelyan,  Eng.  under  the 
Stuarts,  474-478. 

(a)   Principles  of  the  Toleration  Act,  1689. 
(6)    High  Church  reaction  under  Queen  Anne. 

7 


82  AMERICAN    COLONIAL   HISTORY         [Part  IV 

2.  The  episcopal  jurisdiction  in  America. 

(a)    Authority  of  the  bishop  of  London. 

(6)    Bishop's  commissaries;   Blair,  Bray,  etc. 

(c)    Ecclesiastical  powers  of  the  royal  governors. 

3.  Agencies  promoting  progress  of  the  church. 

(a)    Society  for  the  Propagation  of  the  Gospel; 

activities. 
(6)    Zeal    of,  Compton,   bishop   of   London;   of 

royal  officials. 

4.  The  Church  in  the  South. 

(a)    Progress  of  the  church  in  Virginia. 
(6)    Its  establishment  in  Maryland  and  Caro- 
linas,  1692-1706. 

5.  Agitation  for  an  American  bishopric. 

(a)    Conflicts  within  Church;   clerical  versus  lay 

control. 
(6)    Efforts  to  secure  a  colonial  bishop. 

6.  Attitude  of  the  Church  toward  dissenters. 

B.   The  Puritan  Church  in  New  England. 

Anderson,  Ch.  of  Eng.  in  Cols.,  Ill,  337-443;  Channing,  Hist.  U.  S., 
II,  437-439;  Cobb,  Rise  of  Religious  Lib.,  229-238,  245-280; 
Dexter,  Congregationalism,  467-504;  Doyle,  Eng.  Cols.,  V, 
166-193;  Greene,  Religious  Lib.  in  Conn.,  121-273;  Greene, 
Prov.  Amer.  (A.  N.  S.),  83-91,  321-324;  Jones,  Quakers  in  Amer., 
127-135,  153-156;  Lauer,  Ch.  and  State  in  New  Eng.  (J.  H.  S., 
X,  148-176);  Walker,  Congregationalists  (Am.  Ch.  Hist.  Ser., 
Ill),  164-308;  Wendell,  Cotton  Mather. 

1.  Resume  of  the  Puritan  system.     (See  pp.  38-39.) 

2.  Forces  making  for  toleration. 

(a)    Rise  of  a  commercial  spirit. 

(6)    Growth  of  dissent. 

(c)    Toleration  upheld  by  home  government. 

Dickerson,  Amer.  Col.  Gov't.,  231-233. 


Section  VI]  AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY  83 

3.  The  Puritans  and  Anglicans. 

(a)   Nature  of  opposition. 

(6)    Episcopalians  in  Connecticut;   Cutler. 

4.  Progress  of  religious  liberty. 

(a)    Saybrook  Platform,  1708. 

(6)    Exemption  laws  for  dissenters. 

5.  The  Great  Awakening. 

(a)  Whitfield  in  America. 

(6)    Jonathan  Edwards  and  the  great  revival. 

C.   The  Sectarian  Bodies. 

SECONDARY:  Channing,  Hist.  U.  S.,  II,  423-427,  439-454;  Cobb, 
Rise  of  Religious  Lib.,  404-418,  440-453;  Fisher,  New  Jersey 
(C.  U.  S.,  XLI,  360-379). 

SOURCE:  Hart,  Contemp.,  II,  nos.  97-100. 

1.  The  Quakers. 

Jones,  Quakers  in  Amer.,  preface,  465-474,  477-489;  Root,  Rels. 
Pa.  with  Brit.  Gov't.,  222-255. 

(a)    Religious  principles  and  organization. 

(6)    The    conflicts    between    the    Quakers    and 

Anglicans, 
(c)    The  lessening  of  Quaker  influence  and  power; 

reasons. 

2.  The  Presbyterians. 

i      Thompson,  Presbyterians  (Am.  Ch.  Hist.  Ser.,  VI),  13  ff. 

• 

(a)    Influence  of  the  Scotch-Irish  immigration. 
(6)    Organization. 

3.  The  Baptists. 

Newman,  Baptists  (Am.  Ch.  Hist.  Ser.,  II),  162-260. 

4.  Intolerance  toward  the  Catholics. 

O'Gorman,  Catholics  (Am.  Ch.  Hist.  Ser.,  IX),  234-246. 


84  AMERICAN   COLONIAL   HISTORY        [Part  IV 

D.  Education  and  Culture. 

1.  Higher  education. 

SECONDARY:   Birdseye,  Individual  Training  in  our  Colleges,  3-79; 

Channing,  Hist.  U.  S.,  II,  467-472;  Doyle,  Eng.  Cols.,  V,  236-242; 

Clews,  Educ.  Leg.  and  Adm.  of  Cols.  (C.  U.  S.  in  Phil.  VI); 

Fisher,  New  Jersey  (C.  U.  S.,  XLI,  384-391);    Greene,    Prov. 

Amer.   (A.  N.  S.),  304-312;    Thwing,  Higher  Educ.  in  Amer.; 

McCrady,  So.  Car.,  1719-1776,  494-496;    Mereness,  Md.,  145  S. 
SOURCE:  Hart,  Contemp.,  II,  nos.  90,  95,  96. 

(a)   The  churches  and  education;    the  state  and 

education. 
(6)    Progress  of  Harvard,  and  William  and  Mary. 

(See  p.  42.) 

(c)  Founding  and  development  of  Yale. 

(d)  Princeton  and  Presbyterianism. 

(e)  College  of  Rhode  Island  and  the  Baptists. 
(/)    King's  College,  University  of  Pennsylvania; 

liberal  tendencies. 

(</)    Formal  character  of  college  training. 
(h)    Colonists  educated  in  England. 

2.  Secondary  schools. 

Brown,  Making  of  our  Middle  Schools,  12-203;  Boone,  Educ.  in 
U.  S.,  43-60;  Channing,  Hist.  U.  S.,  II,  462-466;  Jones,  Quakers 
in  Amer.,  407^08,  527-530,  558-559,  574-576;  McCrady,  So. 
Car.,  1719-1776,  482-494;  Mereness,  Md.  137-145;  Perry,  Prot. 
Ch.  in  Va.,  261-318;  Sharpless,  Quaker  Exp.  in  Gov't.,  35-46. 

(a)  School  system  in  New  England. 

(6)  Efforts  to  establish  free  schools  hi  South. 

(c)  Anglican  church  and  schools. 

(d)  Quakers  and  education. 

(e)  'Extent  of  popular  education. 

8.   Colonial  literature  and  libraries. 

Doyle,  Eng.  Cols.,  V,  222-228;  Greene,  Prov.  Amer.  (A.  N.  S.)f 
312-314;  McCrady,  So.  Car.,  1719-1776,  508-512;  McMaster. 


Section  VI]  AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY  85 

Benjamin  Franklin  (Amer.  Men  of  Letters  Ser.);  Stedman  and 
Hutchinson,  Lib.  Amer.  Lit.,  II;  Tyler,  Hist.  Amer.  Lit.,  II; 
Steiner,  Thos.  Bray  and  his  Amer.  Libs.  (Amer.  Hist.  Rev.,  II, 
59-75);  Weeks,  Libraries  and  Lit.  in  No.  Car.  (A.  H.  A.  R., 
1895,  171-267). 

(a)  Colonial  writers. 

(b)  Colonial  libraries. 

(c)  Culture  in  general. 

4.    The  rise  of  journalism. 

Channing,  Hist.  U.  S.,  II,  476-489;  Doyle,  Eng.  Cols.,  V,  228-235; 
Duniway,  Freedom  of  the  Press  in  Mass.,  1-121;  Greene,  Prov. 
Amer.,  203-204,  314-315;  Greene,  Prov.  Gov.  (A.  N.  S.),  127-128, 
198-202;  McCrady,  So.  Car.,  1719-1776,  504-508;  Thomas, 
Hist,  of  Printing. 

(a)    Development  of  journalism. 

(6)    Character  and  content  of  newspapers. 

(c)  Censorship  of  press. 

(d)  Zenger  trial. 

(e)  Influence  of  press. 
£.  The  Indians  and  Negroes. 

SECONDARY:  Channing,  Hist.  U.  S.,  II,  394-398);  Doyle,  Eng. 
Cols.,  V,  256-263,  301-304;  Greene,  Prov.  Amer.  (A.  N.  S.), 
242;  Fisher,  New  Jersey  (C.  U.  S.,  XLI,  379-384);  Jones, 
Quakers  in  Amer.,  391-413,  495-521;  Locke,  Anti-slavery  in 
Amer.,  9-45;  Turner,  The  Negro  in  Pa.,  38-75;  Weeks,  Southern 
Quakers  and  Slavery  (J.  H.  S.,  ex.  vol.,  XV,  1-69,  198-210). 

SOURCE:  Hart,  Contemp.,  II,  nos.  102-108. 

1.  Indian  schools  and  missions. 

(a)    Quakers  and  the  Indians. 

(6)    Anglican  Church  and  the  Indians. 

2.  Anti-slavery  sentiment. 

(a)    In  New  England. 
(6)    Quakers  and  slavery, 
(c)    John  Woolman. 


PART  FIVE 
REORGANIZATION    AND    REVOLUTION 


SECTION  I.    THE  EMPIRE  DISORGANIZED 
1748-1763 

A.  Character  of  the  Empire  at  Mid-century. 

Bancroft,  Hist.  U.  S.  (last  rev.),  II,  319-332;  Howard,  Prelim,  of 
Rev.  (A.  N.  S.),  ch.  i;  Lecky,  Hist.  Eng.,  Ill,  290-330; 
Lecky,  Amer.  Rev.  (Woodburn  ed.),  1-49. 

1.  Population,  races,  settlements  in  colonies. 

2.  Constitution  of  the  Empire. 

Snow,  Adm.  of  Deps.,  111-127. 

(a)   Extent  of  colonial  self-government. 

(6)    Extent  of  imperial  control. 

(c)    Federal  character  of  constitution. 

3.  Forces  of  disintegration. 

Beer,  Brit.  Col.  Pol.,  1754-1765,  169-179;  Channing,  Hist.  U.  S., 
II,  598-599;  Root,  Rels.  Pa.  with  Brit.  Gov't.,  391-393. 

(a)   Geographical  separation. 

(6)    Different  social  and  economic  conditions. 

(c)    Divergence  of  political  ideas  and  institutions. 

4.  Forces  of  cohesion. 

(a)   Particularism  of  colonies. 
(6)    British  protection. 

B.  The  Problem  of  Union,  1748-1754. 

1.   Reorganization  of  the  Board  of  Trade. 

Dickerson,  Amer.  Col.  Gov't.,  39-57;  Egerton,  Brit.  Col.  Pol., 
145-146;  Root,  Rels.  Pa.  with  Brit.  Gov't.,  28-33» 


Section  I]     AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY  87 

(a)    Character  of  board  prior  to  1748. 
(6)    Efficiency  under  Halifax,  1748-1761. 
(c)    Reforms  instituted. 

2.  Basis  of  final  struggle  for  supremacy   in  North 

America. 

SECONDARY:  Bancroft,  Hist.  U.  S.  (last  rev.),  II,  333-366;  Bradley, 
Fight  with  France,  chs.  i,  ii;  Doyle,  Eng.  Cols.,  V,  426-439; 
Fortescue,  Hist.  Brit.  Army,  II,  261-267;  Parkman,  Montcalm 
and  Wolfe,  I,  chs.  i,  ii,  vi;  Root,  Rels.  Pa.  with  Brit.  Gov't., 
293-297;  Thwaites,  France  in  Amer.  (A.  N.  S.),  ch.  ix,  157-168. 

MAPS:  Thwaites,  France  in  Amer.  (A.  N.  S.),  36,  106,  204. 

(a)    French  claims  and  forts  in  West;  expedition 

of  Celeron,  1749. 
(6)    English  claims;   Ohio  Company,  1749. 

(c)  Letter  of  Secretary  of  State,  1753. 

(d)  Washington's  mission  to  French. 

3.  Union  of  colonies  for  defence. 

SECONDARY:  Beer,  Brit.  Col.  Pol.,  1754-1765,  16-30;  Bancroft, 
Hist.  U.  S.  (last  rev.),  II,  367-388;  Dickerson,  Amer.  Col.  Gov't., 
216-223;  Doyle,  Eng.  Cols.,  V,  439-444;  Egerton,  Brit.  Col. 
Pol.,  170-174;  Frothingham,  Rise  of  Rep.,  130-151;  Root,  Rels. 
Pa.  with  Brit.  Gov't.,  297-302;  Thwaites,  France  in  Amer.  (A.  N. 
S.),  168-172. 

SOURCES:  Amer.  Hist.  Leaflets,  no.  14;  Franklin,  Works  (Smyth 
ed.),  Ill,  40-43,  203-226;  Hart,  Contemp.,  II,  no.  125;  Mac- 
Donald,  Select  Charters,  253;  Preston,  Documents,  170. 

(a)  Evils  of  disunion ;  Washington's  defeat  at  Fort 

Necessity,  1754,  defection  of  the  Indians. 

(6)    Albany  Conference,  1754;  origin,  personnel. 

(c)  Albany  plan  of  union;   nature;   rejected  by 

colonies,  reasons. 

(d)  Board  of  Trade  plan;  contrast  with  Albany 

plan. 

(e)  Union  impracticable;  reasons. 


88  AMERICAN   COLONIAL   HISTORY  [Part  V 

C.  The  War  Reveals  Imperial  Decentralization,  1755-1763. 

1.  Chief  events  of  struggle. 

SECONDARY:  Bancroft,  Hist.  U.  S.  (last  rev.),  II,  419-533;  Bradley, 
Fight  with  France,  chs.  iii-xii;  Cambridge  Modern  Hist.,  VII, 
123-143;  Channing,  Hist.  U.  S.,  II,  527-599;  Fortescue,  Hist. 
Brit.  Army,  II,  268-402;  Parkman,  Montcalm  and  Wolfe,  I, 
chs.  vii,  x,  xiii,  II,  chs.  xviii-xxx;  Thwaites,  France  in  Amer. 
(A.  N.  S.),  173-265. 

MAPS:  Avery,  Hist.  U.  S.,  IV,  60-61,  67,  78,~85,  89,  162,  199,  252, 
276-277. 

(a)   World-wide  character  of  contest. 

(6)    French  successes;    1755-1757;    Braddock's 

defeat,  fall  of  Oswego,  massacre  at  Fort 

William  Henry. 

(c)  William  Pitt,  the  great  war  minister,  1757- 

1761. 

(d)  British    successes,    1758-1760;     Fort    Du- 

quesne,     1758;     Quebec,     1759;      Mon- 
treal, 1760. 

2.  Attitude  of  colonies  toward  war. 

SECONDARY:  GENERAL:  Beer,  Brit.  Col.  Pol.,  1754-1765,  52-72; 
Dickerson,  Amer.  Col.  Gov't.,  320-335;  Chalmers,  Introduction 
to  Revolt  of  Cols.,  II,  252-362;  Doyle,  Eng.  Cols.,  V,  444-480; 
Lecky,  Amer.  Rev.  (Woodburn  ed.),  52-68;  MacCormac,  Colonial 
Opposition  to  Imperial  Authority  (Univ.  Cal.  Pub.). 

PARTICULAR  COLONIES:  Black,  Md.  (J.  H.  S.,  X,  315-379); 
Fisher,  New  Jersey  (C.  U.  S.,  XLI,  330-359);  Fry,  New  Hamp- 
shire (C.  U.  S.,  XXIX,  511-521);  Mereness,  Md.,  312-338; 
Root,  Rels.  Pa.  with  Brit.  Gov't.,  302-324;  Shepherd,  Pa. 
(C.  U.  S.,  VI,  531-539). 

SOURCE:  Kimball,  Corres.  Wm.  Pitt,  I,  36-50,  74-79,  121-123, 
235-237,  242-247,  II,  88-90,  130-134,  276,  432-434. 

(a)    Requisition  system,  nature. 
(6)    Attitude  of  northern  colonies ;  energy  shown 
by  Connecticut,  Massachusetts,  New  York. 


Section  I]     AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY  89 

(c)  Attitude  of  southern  colonies;    struggles  in 

Maryland  and  Pennsylvania. 

(d)  Evils  of  the  requisition  system. 

(e)  Reimbursement  of  colonies  by  Parliament. 

3.  The  Indian  problem  and  defence. 

Bancroft,  Hist.  U.  S.  (last  rev.),  Ill,  41-49;  Beer,  Brit.  Col.  Pol., 
1754-1765,  252-273;  Carter,  Great  Brit,  and  111.  Country,  27-29, 
77-81;  Dickerson,  Amer.  Col.  Gov't.,  336-356;  Fortescue,  Hist. 
Brit.  Army,  III,  1-22;  Griffis,  Sir  Wm.  Johnson;  Parkman,  Con- 
spiracy of  Pontiac,  I,  chs.  v-viii;  II,  xviii-xxiii. 

SOURCE:   MacDonald,  Select  Charters,  267-272. 

(a)   Need  of  centralized  Indian  policy. 
(6)    Indian  agents  appointed  by  crown,   1755; 
Sir  William  Johnson. 

(c)  Royal  order,  1761;    proclamation  of  1763; 

object. 

(d)  Discontent  of  western  Indians;    conspiracy 

of  Pontiac. 

(e)  Failure  of  requisition  system. 

4.  Trade  of  the  colonies  with  the  enemy. 

SECONDARY:   GENERAL:   Beer,  Brit.  Col.  Pol.,  1754-1765,  72-131; 

Fisher,  Struggle  for  Independence,  I,  49-61;    Howard,  Prelim. 

of  Rev.  (A.  N.  S.),  68-83;   Lecky,  Amer.  Rev.  (Woodburn  ed.), 

42-49;  Root,  Rels.  Pa.  with  Brit.  Gov't.,  76-84,  123-125. 
Writs   of    assistance:    Hosmer,    Life    of    Hutchinson,   chs.    iii-v; 

Tudor,  Life  of  Otis,  ch.  vi;  Tyler,  Lit.  Hist.  Amer.  Rev.,  I,  30-44. 
SOURCES:    Hart,  Contemp.,  II,  no.   131;    Kimball,  Corres.  Wm. 

Pitt,  II,  320,  348-354,  357-360,  373-382;    MacDonald,  Select 

Charters,  258-261. 

(a)  Illegal  and  treasonable  trade  with  French. 

(6)  Injury  caused  to  British  arms. 

(c)  Efforts  to  check  it;  means  of  evasion. 

(d)  Writs  of  assistance;   1761;  James  Otis. 


90  AMERICAN   COLONIAL   HISTORY  Part  V 

5.  The  colonial  currency  problem. 

SECONDARY:  GENERAL:  Beer,  Brit.  Col.  Pol.,  1754-1765,  179-188; 
Dickerson,  Amer.  Col.  Gov't.,  315-320;  Howard,  Prelim,  of 
Rev.  (A.  N.  S.),  84-101;  Root,  Rcls.  Pa.  with  Brit.  Gov't.,  208- 
218. 

PARTICULAR  COLONIES:  Fry,  New  Hampshire  (C.  U.  S.,  XXIX, 
398-420);  Fisher,  New  Jersey  (C.  U.  S.,  XLI,  293-302) ;  Lingley, 
Va.  (C.  U.  S.,  XXXVI,  27-34);  Shepherd,  Pa.  (C.  U.  S.,  VI, 
422-434);  Tyler,  Patrick  Henry,  ch.  iv. 

SOURCE:   Hart,  Con  temp.,  II,  no.  37. 

(a)   Evils  of  a  depreciated  currency.     (See  pp. 

72-73.) 
(6)    Opposition   of   British   merchants;    statute 

of  1751. 

(c)  Extensive  issues    during    war;     efforts    to 

check  issues. 

(d)  Colonial    opposition;     Patrick    Henry    and 

Parson's  Cause. 

6.  Struggle  for  control  of  colonial  judges. 

Beer,  Brit.  Col.  Pol.,  1754-1765,  188-192;  Dickerson,  Amer.  Col. 
Gov't.,  195-209;  Fisher,  New  Jersey  (C.  U.  S.,  XLI,  240-244); 
Greene,  Prov.  Gov.,  134-137;  Root,  Rels.  Pa.  with  Brit.  Gov't., 
174-179. 

(a)   Question  of  tenure  of  office  of  judges. 
(6)    Contests    for    control;     New    York,    New 
Jersey,  North  Carolina,  Pennsylvania. 


SECTION  H.    IMPERIAL  REORGANIZATION 
1763-1766 

A.  The  Peace  of  Paris,  1763. 

SECONDARY:  Bancroft,  Hist.  U.  S.  (last  rev.),  II,  554-565,  III, 
3-29;  Cambridge  Modern  Hist.,  VI,  411-423;  Egerton,  Brit. 
Col.  Pol.,  175-186;  Fiske,  Amer.  Rev.,  I,  1-17;  Frothingham, 


Section  II]   AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY  91 

Rise  of   Republic,   151-157;    Hunt,  Pol.  Hist.  Eng.,  X,  23-44; 
Woodburn,  Causes  of  Amer.  Rev.  (J.  H.  S.,  X,  559-563). 
MAPS:   Avery,  Hist.  U.  S.,  IV,  352;    Howard,  Prelim,  of  Rev.  (A. 
N.  S.),  4;  Thwaites,  France  in  Amer.  (A.  N.  S.),  256,  268. 

1.  -Geographical  results. 

(a)   French  and  Spanish  cessions. 
(6)    Extent  of  British  Empire. 

2.  Effect  upon  imperial  policy. 

(a)    Revival  of  imperial  sentiment. 
(6)    Colonial  problems  awaiting  solution;  trade, 
defence,  administration. 

3.  Effect  of  conquest  of  Canada  upon  colonies. 

SECONDARY:  Beer,  Brit.  Col.  Pol.,  1754-1765,  132-159;  Channing, 
Hist.  U.  S.,  II,  596-597,  602-603;  Grant,  Canada  versus  Guade- 
loupe (Amer.  Hist.  Rev.,  XVII,  735-743). 

SOURCE:   Hart,  Con  temp.,  II,  no.  122. 

(a)   Effect  of  removal  of  French  on  imperial  tie. 
(6)    Various  predictions;    Kalm,   Montesquieu, 
Turgot,  Vergennes. 

(c)  Opposition  to  retention  of  Canada,   1760; 

pamphlet  controversy. 

(d)  Retention     of     Canada    and     problem     of 

defence. 

B.  The  New  Colonial  Policy  Inaugurated. 
1.    The  Grenville  ministry. 

Egerton,  Brit.  Col.  Pol.,  187-204;    Cambridge  Modern  Hist.,  VII, 
144-150;    Fiske,  Amer.  Rev.,  I,  38-^5;    Hunt,  Pol.  Hist.  Eng., 
,       X,  45-63;   Lecky,  Hist.  Eng.,  Ill,  333-358;    Lecky,  Amer.  Rev. 
(Woodburn  ed.),  52-79;   Robertson,  England  under  the  Hanove- 
rians, 230-238. 

(a)    George  III.  idea  of  government. 
(6)    Composition  of  Grenville  ministry, 
(c)    Ministerial  attitude  toward  colonies. 


92  AMERICAN    COLONIAL   HISTORY  [Part  V 

2.  Economic  and  administrative  reforms. 

Beer,  Brit.  Col.  Pol.,  1754-1765,  210-251;  Fisher,  Struggle  for 
Indep.,  I,  61-69;  Root,  Rels.  Pa.  with  Brit.  Gov't.,  84-90,  124- 
127. 

(a)   Readjustment  of  trade  laws;    Sugar  Act, 

1764. 
(6)    Restrictions  on  paper  currency ;    Currency 

Act,  1764. 

(c)  Customs  service  reorganized;    employment 

of  revenue  cutters  in  colonies. 

(d)  Admiralty  courts  strengthened. 

3.  A  standing  army  for  America. 

Beer,  Brit.  Col.  Pol.,  1754-1765,  265-273;  Root,  Rels.  Pa.  with 
Brit.  Gov't.,  328-330;  MacDonald,  Select  Charters,  306. 

(a)  Necessity  of  permanent  force  on  frontier. 

(6)  Futility  of  depending  on  colonies. 

(c)  Number  of  troops  requisite. 

(d)  Quartering  Act,  1765. 

4.  The  revenue  acts. 

SECONDARY:  Bancroft,  Hist.  U.  S.  (last  rev.),  Ill,  30-40,  50-74, 
95-106;  Beer,  Brit.  Col.  Pol.,  1754-1765,  274-286;  Egerton, 
Brit.  Col.  Pol.,  187-201;  Fisher,  Struggle  for  Indep.,  I,  69-82; 
Hertz,  Old  Col.  System,  70-90;  Root,  Rels.  Pa.  with  Brit.  Gov't.. 
328-333,  390-391. 

SOURCES:  Amer.  His.  Leaflets,  not.  21;  Hart,  Contemp.,  II,  nos. 
49,  133;  MacDonald,  Select  Charters,  272-312. 

(a)   Effect  of  war  on  national  debt. 

(6)    Justice  of  colonial  taxation  for  defence. 

(c)  Precedents    and    suggestions    for    colonial 

taxation. 

Beer,  Brit.  Col.  Pol.,  31-51;  Bancroft,  Hist.  U.  S.  (last  rev.),  II. 
246,  251-253,  411-418,  443,  458,  532. 

(d)  First  revenue  act;  Sugar  Act,  1764. 


Section  II]    AMERICAN   COLONIAL   HISTORY  93 

(e)    Grenville  proposes  direct  taxation;   colonial 

remonstrances . 
(/)   Second  revenue  act;  Stamp  Act,  1765. 


C.  Response  of  America  to  the  New  Policy. 

1.  Economic  argument  against  the  new  measures. 

SECONDARY:  Beer,  Brit.  Col.  Pol.,  1754-1765,  287-316;  Root, 
Rels.  Pa.  with  Brit.  Gov't,  88-90,  333-334;  Tyler,  Lit.  Hist. 
Amer.  Rev.,  I,  44-60. 

SOURCES:  Callender,  Econ.  Hist.  U.  S.,  51-68,  122-141;  Dickin- 
son, Writings,  I,  213-230;  Franklin,  Works  (Smyth  ed.),  V, 
1-13. 

(a)    West  Indian  trade  and  Sugar  Act. 
(6)    Lack  of  specie  and  Currency  Act. 

(c)  Social    conditions    unfavorable    to    direct 

taxation. 

(d)  Taxation    for    defence    unjust;     theory    of 

obedience  and  protection. 

(e)  Economic  distress  intensifies  opposition. 

2.  Active  resistance. 

GENERAL:  Bancroft,  Hist.  U.  S.  G»st  rev.),  IH,  134-148;  Daw- 
son,  Sons  of  Liberty;  Howard,  Prelim,  of  Rev.  (A.  N.  S.),  102- 
139;  Lecky,  Amer.  Rev.  (Woodburn  ed.),  80-84. 

PARTICULAR  COLONIES:  Becker,  Pol.  Parties  in  N.  Y.,  1760-1776, 
23-52;  Fisher;  New  Jersey  (C.  U.  S.,  XLI,  407-425);  Lingley, 
Va.  (C.  U.  S.,  XXXVI,  358-371);  McCrady,  So.  Car.,  1719- 
1776,  541-585;  Mereness,  Md.,  477-^87;  Raper,  No.  Car., 
231-238;  Smith,  So.  Car.,  as  a  Royal  Prov.,  349-355. 

(a)    Commerce  as  a  political  weapon;    boycott 

on  British  goods. 
(6)    Mob  violence;    riots  in  Boston  and  other 

places, 
(c)    Sons  of  Liberty. 


94  AMERICAN    COLONIAL   HISTORY  [Part  V 

(d)  Imperial  authority  defied;  Stamp  Act  not 
enforced. 

3.  Intercolonial  cooperation. 

SECONDARY:  Bancroft,  Hist.  U.  S.  (last  rev.),  Ill,  75-94,  107-121, 
149-164;  Channing,  Hist.  U.  S.,  Ill;  Fisher,  Struggle  for  Indep., 
I,  82-101;  Fiske,  Amer.  Rev.,  I,  18-27;  Frothingham,  Rise  of 
Rep.,  158-199;  Howard,  Prelim,  of  Rev.  (A.  N.  S.),  140-157. 

SOURCES:  Hart,  Contemp.,  II,  no.  141;  MacDonald,  Select  Charters, 
313;  Preston,  Documents,  188. 

(a)  Threat  to  colonial  autonomy  creates 
principle  of  union. 

(6)  Virginia  Resolves,  1765;  response  of  col- 
onies. 

(c)  Committees     of     correspondence    promote 

cooperation. 

(d)  Call  for  a  continental  congress;   election  of 

delegates. 

(e)  Stamp  Act  Congress;  character. 
(/)  Work  of  congress  and  results. 

4.  British  government  yields,  1766. 

SECONDARY:  Bancroft,  Hist.  U.  S.  (last  rev.),  Ill,  165-214;  Eger- 
ton,  Brit.  Col.  Pol.,  201-204;  Fisher,  Struggle  for  Indep.,  I, 
101-112;  Howard,  Prelim,  of  Rev.  (A.  N.  S.),  158-173;  Hunt, 
Pol.  Hist.  Eng.,  X,  64-73;  Lecky,  Hist.  Eng.,  Ill,  361-378; 
Lecky,  Amer.  Rev.  (Woodbura  ed.),  84-98. 

SOURCES:  Callender,  Econ.  Hist.  U.  S.,  142-148;  Franklin,  Works 
(Smyth  ed.),  IV,  412-448;  Hart,  Contemp.,  II,  nos.  143-144; 
MacDonald,  Select  Charters,  316-317. 

(a)  Rockingham  ministry;  attitude  toward 
colonies. 

(6)  Boycott  effective;  protests  of  British  mer- 
chants. 

(c)  Franklin's  examination  in  House  of  Com- 
mons. 


Section  II]   AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY  95 

(d)  Stamp  Act  repealed;   Sugar  Act  modified. 

(e)  Declaratory  Act,  1766. 

5.    Colonial  discontent  kept  alive. 

GENERAL:    Bancroft,     Hist.     U.    S.     flast     rev  ^    jjj,    215-244; 

Frothingham,  Rise  of  Rep.,  201-202;  Howard,  Prelim,  of  Rev.  (A. 

N.  S.),  174-181;    Lecky,  Amer.  Rev.  (Woodburn  ed.),  98-105. 
PARTICULAR  COLONIES:   Becker,  Pol.  Parties  in  N.  Y.,  1760-1776, 

52-73;   Fisher,  New  Jersey  (C.  U.  S.,  XLI,  431H140);   McCrady, 

So.  Car.,  1719-1776,  586-595;   Smith,  So.  Car.  as  a  Royal  Prov., 

358-359. 

(a)    Menace  of  Declaratory  Act. 

(6)    Opposition  to  Mutiny  Act. 

(c)    Refusal  to  indemnify  Stamp  Act  sufferers. 

D.  Argument  from  the  Law  and  the  Constitution. 

SECONDARY:  Beer,  Brit.  Col.  Pol.,  1754-1765,  308-316;  Chamber- 
lain, John  Adams  and  Rev.,  137-165;  Cambridge  Modern  Hist., 
VII,  175-208;  Holland,  Imperium  et  Libertas,  23-91;  Lincoln, 
Rev.  Movement  in  Pa.,  114-135;  Mcllwain,  High  Court  of  Parl., 
336-388;  Merriam,  Amer.  Pol.  Theories,  38-46;  Root,  Rels. 
Pa.  with  Brit.  Gov't,  393-396;  Snow,  Adm.  of  Deps.,  128-168; 
Tyler,  Lit.  Hist.  Amer.  Rev.,  I,  60-120,  293-315. 

SOURCES:  Adams,  British  Orations,  I,  98,  150;  Hart,  Con  temp., 
H,  no.  142. 

1.  Principles  of  the  English  constitution. 

(a)   Appeal  to  same  law  and  precedent. 
(6)    Liberties  and  privileges  of  Englishmen. 

2.  English  theory  of  a  centralized  empire. 

(a)  Growth  of  principle  of  parliamentary  sov- 
ereignty. 

(6)  Legal  status  of  colonies;  provinces  or  cor- 
porations. 

(c)  Colonies    virtually    represented    in    Parlia- 

ment. 

(d)  Views  of  Mansfield  and  Grenville,  1766. 


96  AMERICAN   COLONIAL   HISTORY          [Part  V 

3.   Colonial  theory  of  a  federal  empire. 

(a)    English     constitution     as     a    fundamental 

law. 
(6)    Charters  as  contracts. 

(c)  Colonies  not  represented  in  Parliament. 

(d)  Distinction   between   legislation   and   taxa- 

tion; views  of  Pitt  and  Camden,  1766. 


SECTION  in.    THE  DEVELOPMENT   OF  THE 
REVOLUTION,    1767-1775 

A.   Colonial  Policy  of  the  Graf  ton-Chatham  Ministry,  1766- 
1770. 

1.  Political  situation  in  England. 

Fiske,  Amer.  Rev.,  I,  28-45;  Hunt,  Pol.  Hist.  Eng.,  X,  82-105; 
Lecky  Hist.  Eng.,  Ill,  379-421;  Robertson,  Eng.  under  Hanove- 
rians, 241-248 

On  Secretary  of  State  for  Colonies:  Egerton,  Brit.  Col.  Pol.,  209- 
212;  Fitzmaurice,  Life  of  Shelburne,  II,  66-77;  Root,  Rels.  Pa. 
with  Brit.  Gov't.,  30-33;  Snow,  Adm.  of  Deps.,  208-223. 

(a)    Graf  ton-Chatham      ministry;       discordant 

elements. 
(6)    Relation  of  George  III.  to  ministry. 

(c)  Attitude   toward  colonies;    Charles  Town- 

shend. 

(d)  Secretary    of    State    for     colonies,     1768; 

Lord  Hillsborough. 

2.  The  Townshend  Acts,  1767. 

SECONDARY:  Channing,  Hist.  U.  S.,  Ill;  Fisher,  Struggle  for  Indep., 
I,  112-126;  Lecky,  Amer.  Rev.  (Woodburn  ed.),  105-112. 

SOURCES:  Hart,  Contemp.,  II,  no.  145;  MacDonald,  Select  Charters, 
317-330. 

(a)   Revenue  duties;   external  taxes. 


Section  III]  AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY  97 

(6)    Board      of      customs      commissioners     for 

America, 
(c)    Coercion  of  New  York  assembly. 

3.   Resistance  and  retaliation. 

SECONDARY:  Bancroft,  Hist.  U.  S.,  (last  rev.),  HI,  245-295,  319- 
337,  368-378;  Fisher,  Struggle  for  Indep.,  I,  126-145;  Froth- 
ingham,  Rise  of  Rep.,  203-241;  Howard,  Prelim,  of  Rev.  (A.  N. 
S.),  174-205;  Lecky,  Hist.  Eng.,  Ill,  379-421;  Lecky,  Amer. 
Rev.  (Woodburn  ed.),  113-132;  Tyler,  Lit.  Hist.  Amer.  Rev., 
I,  229-245. 

SOURCES:  Callender,  Econ.  Hist.  U.  S.,  148-151;  Dickinson,  Writ- 
ings, I,  167-173,  275;  Hart,  Contemp.,  II,  nos.  149,  151;  Mac- 
Donald,  Select  Charters,  330-335. 

(a)   Dickinson's  "Farmer's  Letters";   influence. 
(&)    Non-importation  agreements. 

(c)  Massachusetts   circular  letter,    1768;    con- 

duct of  colonies  and  ministry. 

(d)  Troops    sent    to    Boston;     opposition     of 

colony. 

(e)  Parliamentary  address  on  treason;   Virginia 

resolves,  1769. 
(/)    Boston  massacre,  1770. 

B.   Colonial  Policy  of  Lord  North,  1770-1774. 
1.   Personal  rule  of  George  III. 

Charming,  Hist.  U.  S.,  Ill;  Egerton,  Brit.  Col.  Pol,  213-222; 
Fiske,  Amer.  Rev.,  I,  46-98;  Hunt,  Pol.  Hist.  Eng.,  X,  106-123; 
Lecky,  Hist.  Eng.,  Ill,  1-25;  Trevelyan,  Amer.  Rev.,  pt.  I, 
100-174. 

(a)  Relations  of  ministry  and  Parliament  to 
George  III;  revival  of  prerogative 
government. 

(6)    Policy  toward  colonies. 


98  AMERICAN    COLONIAL   HISTORY  [Part  V 

2.  Prerogative  government  in  colonies. 

GENERAL:  Bancroft,  Hist.  U.  S.,  Ill  Oast  rev.),  404-416;  Frothing- 

hatn,  Rise  of  Rep.,  249-256;  Howard,  Prelim,  of  Rev.  (A.  N.  S.), 

242-253. 
PARTICULAR  COLONIES:   Arnold,  Rhode  Island,  11,309-320;  Jones, 

Ga.,   H,  117-124;   Mereness,  Md.,  386-400;   Smith,  So.  Car.  as  a 

Royal  Prov.,  369-886. 

(a)  Lord  Dartmouth,  secretary  of  state  for 
colonies. 

(6)  Royal  orders  and  colonial  opposition;  Mas- 
sachusetts, Georgia,  Maryland,  Virginia, 
South  Carolina. 

(c)    Royal  commission  and  "Gaspee"  affair. 

3.  Fiscal  policy  and  colonial  resistance. 

SECONDARY:  GENERAL:  Bancroft,  Hist.  U.  S.  Oast  rev.),  Ill,  443- 
458;  Channing,  Hist.  U.  S.,  HI;  Fisher,  Struggle  for  Indep., 
I,  164-182;  Frothingham,  Rise  of  Rep.,  294-309;  Howard, 
Prelim,  of  Rev.  (A.  N.  S.),  259-271;  Lecky,  Amer.  Rev.  (Wood- 
burn  ed.),  133-154. 

SPECIAL:  Becker,  Pol.  Parties  in  N.  Y.,  1760-1776,  95-111;  Far- 
rand,  Taxation  of  Tea  (Amer.  Hist.  Rev.,  Ill,  266-269);  Lincoln, 
Rev.  Movement  in  Pa.,  151-159. 

SOURCES:    Hart,  Contemp.,  II,  no.  152;   Old  So.  Leaflets,  no.  68. 

(a)  Repeal  of  taxes,  except  duty  on  tea,  1770. 

(6)  East  India  Company;    financial  difficulties. 

(c)  Duties  on  tea;  acts  of  1772,  1773. 

(d)  Consignments  of  tea  to  America. 

(e)  Resistance  to  tea  importation;    conduct  of 

Boston  and  other  ports. 

4.  Coercion  of  Massachusetts,  1774. 

SECONDARY:  Bancroft,  Hist.  U.  S.  (last  rev.),  Ill,  466-482;  Chan- 
ning. Hist.  U.  S.,  Ill;  Fisher,  Struggle  for  Indep.,  I,  182-190; 
Frothingham,  Rise  of  Rep.,  314-326;  Howard,  Prelim,  of  Rev. 
(A.  N.  S.),  272-285;  Hunt,  Pol.  Hist.  Eng.,  X,  124-140;  Lecky. 


Section  III]  AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY  99 

Hist.  Eng.,  Ill,  431-443;    Lecky,  Amer.  Rev.  (Woodburn  ed.), 
165-179;   Trevelyan,  Amer.  Rev.,  pt.  I,  175-189. 
SOURCE:    MacDonald,  Select  Charters,  337-356. 

(a)   Debate  in  Parliament  on  colonial  situation. 

(6)  Repressive  measures;  Boston  Port  Bill, 
Regulating  Act,  Impartial  Justice  Act, 
Quartering  Act. 

(c)  Response  of  colonies;  Massachusetts  sup- 
ported, call  for  continental  congress. 

5.   Quebec  Act,  1774. 

Bancroft,  Hist.  U.  S.  (last  rev.), .  IV,  78-89;  Coffin,  Quebec  Act 
and  Amer.  Rev.,  391-513;  Coffin,  Quebec  Act  (A.  H.  A.  R., 
1894);  Winsor,  Va.,  and  Quebec  Act  (Amer.  Hist.  Rev.,  I,  436-442). 

(a)   Early  efforts  to  organize  Canada. 
(6)    Analysis  of  act  of  1774. 
(c)    Basis    of    colonial    opposition;     land    and 
religious  questions. 

C.  Establishment  of  the  Revolutionary  Organization,  1765- 
1774. 

1.  Two-fold  character  of  American  Revolution. 

(a)   International  aspect;  contest  for  home  rule. 
(6)    Domestic  aspect;   contest  for  rule  at  home. 

2.  Sectionalism  and  representation  in  colonies.   (See 

pp.  65,  75.) 

GENERAL:  Turner,  Old  West  (Wis.  Hist.  Soc.,  Procs.,  1908,  218-230); 
Farrand,  The  West  and  Rev.  (Yale  Rev.,  XVII,  44-58). 

PARTICULAR  COLONIES:  Ambler,  Sectionalism  in  Va.,  ch.  i;  Bassett, 
Regulators  in  N.  C.  (A.  H.  A.  R.,  1894);  Becker,  Pol.  Parties  in 
N.  Y.,  1760-1776,  ch.  i;  Lincoln,  Rev.  Movement  in  Pa.,  53-76, 
98-113;  McCrady,  So.  Car.,  1719-1776,  311-320,  623-643;  Park- 
man,  Conspiracy  of  Pontiac,  II,  chs.  xxiv-xxv;  Schaper,  Sec- 
tionalism in  S.  C.  (A.  H.  A.  R.,  1900,  I,  324-353). 


100  AMERICAN    COLONIAL   HISTORY  [Part  V 

(a)  The  Old  West;  economic  and  social  con- 
ditions; contrast  with  East. 

(6)  Grievances  of  West;  representation,  suf- 
frage, etc. 

(c)  Struggle  for  redress;   Paxton  riots;   Regu- 

lators in  Carolinas. 

(d)  West  in  New  England;    influence  of  town- 

ship system. 

3.  Relation  of  domestic  and  international  issues. 

(a)    Popular  nullification   of   British   measures; 

significance. 
(6)    Organization  of  popular  sentiment;  germ  of 

revolutionary  machinery, 
(c)   Alignment  of  parties;  coercion  or  negotiation. 

4.  Revolutionary  organization;  local. 

GENERAL:  Collins,  Corns,  of  Corres.  (A.  H.  A.  R.,  1901,  I,  243-258); 
Frothingham,  Rise  of  Rep.,  256-292. 

PARTICULAR  COLONIES:  Becker,  Pol.  Parties  in  N.  Y.,  28-94; 
Cushing,  Mass.  (C.  U.  S.,  VII,  7-112);  Lincoln,  Rev.  Movement 
in  Pa.,  77-96,  143-188;  Lingley,  Va.  (C.  U.  S.f  XXXVI,  48-65); 
McCrady,  So.  Car.,  1719-1776,  596-658;  Mereness,  Md.,  477- 
498;  Sikes,  No.  Car.  (J.  H.  S.,  XVI,  511-517);  Silver,  Md.  (J. 
H.  S.,  XIII,  481-494). 

(a)  Committees  of  correspondence;  precedents, 
activities. 

(6)  Conventions  and  non-importation  agree- 
ments. 

(c)  Assemblies  as  extra-legal  bodies. 

(d)  Revolutionary  organization  in  Pennsylvania 

and  New  York. 

5.  Intercolonial  organization. 

Collins,  Corns,  of  Corres.  (A.  H.  A.  R.,  1901,  I,  258-263);  Froth- 
ingham, Rise  of  Rep.,  326-343;  Tyler,  Lit.  Hist.  Amer.  Rev.,  I, 
267-279. 


Section  III]  AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY  101 

(a)  Principle   of   union;     preservation    of   self- 

government.  '/',  '. 

(b)  Cooperation     by     correspondence,;     ,inter- 

colonial  committees.  '-.•:•', ; .,  \ :'  '., :  \ -;  '•/.  \ 

(c)  Intolerable   acts   and   call    for   continental 

congress,  1774. 

(d)  Response    of  colonies;     election    of    dele- 

gates. 

6.    Continental  Congress,  177 1+. 

SECONDARY:  Bancroft,  Hist.  U.  S.  (last  rev.),  IV,  55-77;  Becker, 
Pol.  Parties  in  N.  Y.,  142-174;  Fisher,  Struggle  for  Indep.,  I, 
221-240;  Fiske,  Amer.  Rev.,  I,  100-110;  Frothingham,  Rise  of 
Rep.,  344-401;  Howard,  -Prelim,  of  Rev.  (A.  N.  S.),  280-302; 
Small,  Beginnings  of  Amer.  Nationality  (J.  H.  S.,  VIII,  7-42); 
Trevelyan,  Amer.  Rev.,  pt.  I,  191-209. 

SOURCES:  Callender,  Econ.  Hist.  U.  S.,  151-154;  Ford,  Jours. 
Cont.  Cong.,  I;  MacDonald,  Select  Charters,  356-367;  Preston, 
Documents,  199. 

(a)  Personnel. 

(b)  Purpose;    instructions  to  delegates,  redress 

of  grievances. 

(c)  Contest  between  radicals  and  conservatives; 

coercion  or  negotiation. 

(d)  Coercion      adopted;       Suffolk      Resolves, 

American  Association. 

(e)  State      papers      issued;      Declaration      of 

Rights. 

D.  Plans  of  Settlement. 

SECONDARY:  Bancroft,  Hist.  U.  S.  (last  rev.),  IV,  91-92;  Charming, 
Hist.  U.  S.,  Ill;  Egerton,  Brit.  Col.  Pol.,  187-190;  Hunt,  Pol. 
Hist.  Eng.,  X,  135-142;  Howard,  Prelim,  of  Rev.  (A.  N.  S.), 
272-279;  Lecky,  Hist.  Eng.,  Ill,  421-431;  Lecky,  Amer.  Rev. 
(Woodburn  ed.),  154-165;  Lewis,  Gov't.  of  Deps.,  288-294, 
316-325;  Snow,  Adm.  of  Deps.,  161-162,  171-173,  197-207. 


102  AMERICAN    COLONIAL   HISTORY  [Part  V 

261-279,  294-317;   Van  Tyne,  Sovereignty  in  Amer.  Rev.  (Amer. 
Hi?t  Rev.,.  XII,  529-534). 

SOURCES:  Burke,  Speeches  on  Amer.  (Everyman's  Lib.),  76-144, 
259-262;  Catfetader,  Econ.  Hist.  U.  S.,  155-158;  Franklin,  Works 
(Smytfc  MO,  V,  17-18,  241;  Smith,  Wealth  of  Nations  (Every- 
man's Lib.),  II,  112-119;  Ford,  Jours.  Cont.  Cong.,  I,  15-30, 
II,  13-23,  IV,  142-143;  MacDonald,  Select  Charters,  367-374. 

1.  Importance  of  crisis. 

(a)    Imperial  authority  defied. 

(6)    Commerce  and  industry  injured. 

2.  Peaceful  separation. 

(a)   Advice    of    Tucker,    1772;    suggested    by 

Gage. 
(6)    Proposals  obnoxious  to  British  pride. 

3.  Colonial  representation  in  Parliament. 

(a)   Natural  and  social  obstacles. 
(6)    British  and  colonial  objections. 

4.  Grant  of  home  rule. 

(a)    Necessity  of  recognizing  actual  conditions. 
(6)    Colonies  refute  idea  of  independence. 

(c)  Colonial  views  of  accommodation;   restora- 

tion of  relations  prior  to  1763;  Galloway's 
plan  of  union. 

(d)  English  views;    plans  of  Burke,  Chatham, 

North. 

5.  Violent  coercion;  the  policy  adopted. 

(a)    Lack  of  imperial  statesmanship. 
(6)    Massachusetts  coerced;  repressive  measures. 
(See  p.  99.) 

(c)  New  England  Restraining  Act,  1775. 

(d)  Troops  sent  to  America;    Clinton,   Howe, 

Burgoyne. 

(e)  Independence  or  submission. 


Section  IV}  AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY  103 

SECTION   IV.     THE  MOVEMENT  FOR 
INDEPENDENCE,  1776-1776 

A.  Overthrow  of  Royal  Government. 

Becker,  Pol.  Parties  in  N.  Y.,  158-252;  Collins,  Corns,  of  Corres. 
(A.  H.  A.  R.,  1901,  I,  264-271);  Cushing,  Mass.  (C.  U.  S.,  VII, 
112-174);  Fisher,  New  Jersey  (C.  U.  S.,  XLI,  441-492);  Lingley, 
Va.  (C.  U.  S.,  XXXVI,  65-115,  124-157);  Lincoln,  Rev.  Move- 
ment in  Pa.,  189-232;  Schaper,  Sectionalism  in  So.  Car.  (A.  H. 
A.  R.,  1900,  I,  354-363);  Sikes,  No.  Car.  (J.  H.  S.,  XVI,  517- 
541);  Silver,  Md.  (J.  H.  S.,  XIII,  494-525). 

1.  Influence  of  American  Association,  1774- 

(a)    Principles  and  machinery  of  execution. 
(6)    Effect    on    development    of    revolutionary 
machinery. 

2.  Provincial  conventions. 

(a)  Basis  of  authority. 

(6)  Personnel  and  leadership. 

(c)  Form  and  procedure;  conservatism. 

(d)  Assumption    of    powers    of    government; 

finance,  militia,  etc. 

3.  Committees  of  safety. 

Hunt,  Provincial  Corns,  of  Safety. 

(a)    Organization  and  authority. 
(6)    Powers  and  activities. 

4.  Local  Machinery. 

(a)    Organization  and    functions;     county    and 

town  committees. 
(6)    Relation  to  provincial  bodies, 
(c)    Activities. 

B.  The  Loyalists. 

GENERAL:  Fisher,  Struggle  for  Indep.,  I,  240-275;  Sabine,  Loyalists 
of  Rev.,  I,  55-87;  Tyler,  Loyalists  (Amer.  Hist.  Rev.,  I,  24-45); 


104  AMERICAN    COLONIAL   HISTORY  [Part  V 

Tyler,  Lit.  Hist.  Amer.  Rev.,  I,  329-384;    Van  Tyne,  Loyalists 
in  Rev.,  1-164;    Van  Tyne,  Amer.  Rev.  (A.  N.  S.),  248-268. 
SPECIAL:   Flick,  New  York  (C.  U.  S.,  XIV,  9-116);  Gilbert,  Conn. 
(Amer.    Hist.    Rev.,    IV,   273-291);    Jones,  Quakers    in    Amer., 
556-580;   Lingley,  Va.  (C.  U.  S.,  XXXVI,  115-122). 

1.  Number  and  character. 

(a)    Effect  of  American  Association  on  parties. 
(6)    Classes  which  formed  party;   numbers. 

(c)  Loyalists  in  South;   in  New  England. 

(d)  Strength  and  leadership  in  New  York. 

(e)  Attitude  of  Quakers. 

2.  Loyalist  argument. 

(a)   Joseph  Galloway;   policies  and  activities. 
(6)    Writings  of  Daniel  Leonard,  Samuel  Sea- 
bury, 
(c)    Strength  and  weakness  of  Loyalist  position. 

3.  Treatment  of  Loyalists. 

4.  The  Anglican  Church  and  the  Revolution. 

Adams,  B.,  Emancipation  of  Mass.,  ch.  xi;  Cross,  Anglican  Episco- 
pate and  Colonies,  113-263;  Chamberlain,  John  Adams,  19-44; 
Howard,  Prelim,  of  Rev.  (A.  N.  S.),  ch.  xii;  Trevelyan, 
Amer.  Rev.,  pt.  2,  II,  ch.  xvi;  Tyler,  Lit.  Hist.  Amer.  Rev.,  I, 
316-328. 

(a)    Review    of    Anglican    Church    in    colonies. 

(See  p.  82.) 
(6)    Efforts  to  secure  an  American  bishop. 

(c)  Effect  of  controversy  on  parties  and  politics. 

(d)  Anglican  clergy  and  revolution;    Jonathan 

Boucher. 

C.  The  Declaration  of  Independence. 

1.   Second  Continental  Congress,  1775. 

SECONDARY:  Channing,  Hist.  U.  S.,  Ill;  Fisher,  Struggle  for 
Indep.,  I,  206-214,  322-333;  Frothingham,  Rise  of  Rep.,  403-433; 


Section  IV]  AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY  105 

Howard,  Prelim,  of  Rev.  (A.  N.  S.),  296-312;  Lecky,  Amer.  Rev. 
(Woodburn  ed.),  194-214;  Small,  Beginnings  of  Amer.  Nation- 
ality (J.  H.  S.,  VIII,  43-76);  Trevelyan,  Amer.  Rev.,  pt.  1,  274- 
338;  Van  Tyne,  Amer.  Rev.  (A.  N.  S.),  34-49. 
SOURCES:  Ford,  Jours.  Cont.  Cong.,  II,  128-157,  VI,  1087-1098; 
Hart,  Contemp.,  II,  no.  185;  MacDonald,  Select  Charters,  374- 
38h 

(a)    Composition  and  authority. 
(6)    Assumption  of  sovereign  power. 

(c)  Was  separation  the  aim?;  opinion  of  leaders, 

Declaration  on  taking  up  Anns. 

(d)  Radicalism    of   New   England;     John    and 

Samuel  Adams. 

(e)  Conservatism     of     southern     and     middle 

colonies. 

2.  Failure  of  conciliation. 

SECONDARY:  Brancroft,  Hist.  U.  S.  (last  rev.),  IV,  167-184,  265- 
279;  Channing,  Hist.  U.  S.,  Ill;  Fisher,  Struggle  for  Indep.,  L 
275-322;  Fiske,  Amer.  Rev.,  I,  111-146;  Frothingham,  Rise  of 
Rep.,  434-454;  Hunt,  Pol.  Hist.  Eng.,  X,  143-162;  Lecky,  Hist. 
Eng.,  Ill,  443-499;  Trevelyan,  Amer.  Rev.,  pt.  1,  236-311. 

SOURCES:  Ford,  Jours.  Cont.  Cong.,  II,  224-234;  Hart,  Contemp.. 
H,  no.  191;  MacDonald,  Select  Charters,  385-391. 

(a)  Outbreak  of  war;  Lexington,  Concord, 
Bunker  Hill. 

(6)  Colonies  reject  Lord  North's  plan  of  con- 
ciliation. 

(c)  Parliament  rejects  colonial  petitions. 

(d)  Colonies    proclaimed    rebels;     trade    with 

America  prohibited. 

3.  Independence  impending. 

Bancroft,  Hist.  U.  S.  (last  rev.),  IV,  310-346,  382-391;  Channing, 
Hist.  U.  S.,  HI;  Fisher,  Struggle  for  Indep.,  I,  372-387;  Fiske, 
Amer.  Rev.,  I,  147-197;  Friedenwald,  Decl.  of  Indep.,  30-98; 


106  AMERICAN    COLONIAL   HISTORY  [Part  V 

Frothingham,  Rise  of  Rep.,  456-518;    Van  Tyne,  Amer.   Rev. 
(A.  N.  S.),  50-70. 

On  Thomas  Paine;  Tyler,  Lit.  Hist.  Amer.  Rev.,  I,  452-474; 
Paine,  Writings  (Conway  ed.),  I,  84-111. 

(a)    "Common     Sense"     by     Thomas     Paine; 

timely  argument  and  influence. 
(6)    Civil  war  in  Virginia  and  North  Carolina; 

effect  on  independence. 

(c)  Action  of  colonies,  April-May,  1776. 

(d)  Advice  of  congress  to  colonies. 

4.   Independence  declared. 

SECONDARY:  GENERAL:  Bancroft,  Hist.  U.  S.  (last  rev.),  IV,  412- 
452;  Channing,  Hist.  U.  S.,  Ill;  Fisher,  Struggle  for  Indep.,  I, 
436-456;  Friedenwald,  Decl.  of  Indep.,  121-183;  Frothingham, 
Rise  of  Rep.,  519-558;  Lecky,  Amer.  Rev.  (Woodbura  ed.),  214- 
244;  Tyler,  Lit.  Hist.  Amer.  Rev.,  I,  475-519;  Trevelyan,  Amer. 
Rev.,  pt.  2,  I,  105-171;  Van  Tyne,  Amer.  Rev.  (A.N.  S.),  70-101. 

SPECIAL:  Becker,  Pol.  Parties  in  N.  Y.,  253-276;  Lincoln,  Rev. 
Movement  in  Pa.,  233-265;  Stille,  Life  of  Dickinson,  115-198. 

SOURCES:  Amer.  Hist.  Leaflets,  no.  11;  Ford,  Jours.  Cont.  Cong., 
V,  491-516;  Hart,  Contemp.,  II,  nos.  186,  188;  MacDonald, 
Documents,  1-6;  Preston,  Documents,  210. 

(a)    Lee's  motion. 

(6)    Vote  postponed;   delegates  uninstructed. 

(c)  Attitude  of  middle  colonies;    John    Dick- 

inson. 

(d)  Triumph  of  radicals;   declaration  adopted. 

(e)  Strength  of  indictment. 

D.  Political  Philosophy  of  the  Revolution. 

Dunning,  Political  Theories,  Luther  to  Montesquieu,  219-262, 
355^422;  Dwight,  James  Harrington  (Pol.  Science  Quar.,  II, 
1-44);  Fisher,  Struggle  for  Indep.,  I,  18-36;  Friedenwald,  Decl. 
of  Indep.,  184-207;  Merriam,  Am.  Pol.  Theories,  46-60;  Osgood, 
Pol.  Ideas  of  Puritans  (Pol.  Science  Quar.,  VI,  1-28,  201-231); 


Section  IV]  AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY  107 

Ritchie,  Social  Contract  Theory  (Pol.  Science  Quar.,  VI,  656-676); 
Tyler,  Lit.  Hist.  Amer.  Rev.,  I,  for  discussion  of  philosophy  of 
Otis,  Jefferson,  Paine,  etc. 

1.  Basis  of  colonial  argument. 

(a)   Rights  of  Englishmen. 

(6)    Transition  to  Rights  of  Man. 

2.  Sources  and  principles  of  Naturrecht  philosophy. 

(a)    Theories  of  Milton  and  Harrington. 

(6)  John  Locke;  "Essays  on  Government"; 
influence  on  colonial  thought. 

(c)  Rousseau,  "Social  Contract";  Montes- 
quieu, "Spirit  of  Laws";  influence  in 
colonies. 

3.  Natural  rights  philosophy  in  colonies. 

(a)  Outgrowth  of  colonial  development. 

(6)  Compact  in  Puritan  philosophy  and  practice. 

(c)  Scotch-Irish  Presbyterians  and  covenant. 

(d)  Writings  of  Otis,  Jefferson,  Paine,  etc. 


PART  Six 
CONFEDERATION    AND    CONSTITUTION 

1776-1789 


SECTION   I.     THE    FORMATION    OF    GOVERNMENT 
A.  The  First  State  Constitutions. 

SECONDARY:  GENERAL:  Bancroft,  Hist.  U.  S.  (last  rev.),  V,  426-434; 
Bryce,  Amer.  Com.  (3d  ed.),  I,  427^35;  Channing,  Hist.  U.  S., 
Ill;  Fiske,  Critical  Period,  64-70;  Thorpe,  Const.  Hist.  Am. 
People,  I,  101-132;  Van  Tyne,  Amer.  Rev.  (A.  N.  S.),  136-156. 

SPECIAL:  Bond,  State  Gov't.  in  Md.  (J.  H.  S.,  XXIII,  139-242); 
Cashing,  Mass.  (C.  U.  S.,  VII,  174-279);  Dougherty,  New 
York  (Pol.  Science  Quar.,  Ill,  489-497);  Ford,  Pai  (Pol.  Science 
Quar.,  X,  426-459);  Harding,  Pa.  (A.  H.  A.  R.,  1894,  371-402); 
Lingley,  Va.  (C.  U.  S.,  XXXVI,  158-177);  Lincoln,  Rev. 
Movement  in  Pa.,  266-287;  Sikes,  No.  Car.  (J.  H.  S.,  XVI,  518- 
541);  Silver,  Md.  (J.  H.  S.,  XIII,  517-537). 

SOURCES:  The  state  constitutions  of  the  period  of  the  Revolution 
may  be  found  in  Poore,  Charters  and  Consts.;  Thorpe,  Charters 
and  Consts. 

1.  Basis  of  authority. 

(a)   Sovereignty  of  people;  compact  theory. 
(6)    Charters  as  fundamental  laws 

2.  Mode  of  formation  and  ratification. 

Borgeaud,  Adop.  and  Amend.  Consts.,  137-145;  Dodd,  First  Const. 
Convs.  (Am.  Pol.  Science  Rev.,  II,  545-561);  Dodd,  Rev.  and 
Amend,  of  First  Consts.  (J.  H.  S.,  ex.  vol.,  1-29);  Jameson,  Constl. 
Convs.,  sees.  125-158. 

(a)    Provincial  congresses  as  constituent  bodies. 


Section  I         AMERICAN    COLONIAL   HISTORY  109 

(6)  Constitutional  conventions  and  popular 
ratification;  Massachusetts,  1780;  New 
Hampshire,  1784. 

(c)    Provisions  for  revision  and  amendment. 

3.  Analysis  and  comparison  first  state  governments. 

Morey,  Comp.  First  State  Consts.  (Annals  Amer.  Acad.,  IV,  201- 
232);  Webster,  First  State  Consts.  (Annals  Amer.  Acad.,  IX, 
380-420);  Fisher,  Evol.  of  Const.,  chs.  i-v. 

(a)    General  similarity  of  institutions. 
(6)    Legislature;      form,     term,     qualifications, 
powers. 

(c)  Executive   and   executive   councils;    form, 

election,  term,  qualifications,  powers. 

(d)  Judiciary;  form,  selection,  term,  power,  and 

jurisdiction. 

4.  Origin  of  institutions. 

(a)    Conservatism. 

(6)    Colonial  precedents. 

B.  Democratization  of  Politics  and  Society. 

Bancroft,  Hist.  U.  S.  (last  rev.),  V,  111-125,  404-422;  Fiske,  Critical 
Period,  70-89;  Merriam,  Am.  Pol.  Theories,  74-88;  Thorpe, 
Const.  Hist.  Am.  People,  I,  60-100. 

1.  Bills  of  Right. 

(a)  Guarantees  of  individual  liberty;  origin 
and  influence. 

(6)  Political  philosophy  of  first  state  con- 
stitutions. 

2.  Popular  government. 

(a)   Dominant  position  of  legislature. 

(6)    Short  term  of  office;  frequency  of  elections. 

(c)    Restrictions  on  reelection. 


110  AMERICAN    COLONIAL   HISTORY         [Part  VI 

(d)    Weaknesses  of  system;  subordinate  position 
of  executive  and  judiciary. 

3.  Anti-slavery  sentiment. 

DuBois,  Suppression  Afr.  Slave  Trade,  39-52;  Locke,  Anti-slavery 
in  Amer.,  60-87;  Jameson,  Essays  on  Const.,  287-311;  Wil- 
liams, Hist.  Negro  Race,  I,  402-441. 

(a)    Provisions  of  constitutions  on  slavery. 
(6)    Slavery  and  Rights  of  Man. 

(c)  Abolition  in  Massachusetts  and  New  Hamp- 

shire;  judicial  decisions. 

(d)  Manumission    and    gradual    emancipation; 

state  laws. 

4.  Religious  liberty. 

Cobb,  Rise  of  Rel.  Lib.,  482-528;  Hunt,  Life  of  Madison,  67-87; 
Lingley,  Va.  (C.  U.  S.,  XXXVI,  190-212);  Thorn,  Struggle  in 
Va.  (J.  H.  S.,  XVIII,  485-570). 

(a)    Provisions  of  state  constitutions  on  freedom 

of  conscience. 
(6)    Religious  qualifications  for  office  holding  and 

voting, 
(c)    Separation  of  church  and  state;   Virginia. 

5.  Abolition  of  primogeniture. 
C.  Formation  of  the  Confederation. 

SECONDARY:  Bancroft,  Hist.  U.S.  Oast  rev.),  V,  199-208;  Channing, 
Hist.  U.  S.,  Ill;  Fiske,  Critical  Period,  90-100;  Frothingham, 
Rise  of  Rep.,  561-580;  Jameson,  Const'l.  Convs.,  sees.,  159-162; 
Story,  Commentaries,  I,  sees.  222-242;  Taylor,  Origin  and  Growth 
Amer.  Const.,  108-138;  Thorpe,  Const'l.  Hist.  U.  S.,  I,  208-242; 
Van  Tyne,  Amer.  Rev.  (A.  N.  S.),  175-202. 

SOURCES:  Amer.  Hist.  Leaflets,  nos.  14,  20;  Ford,  Jours.  Cont. 
Cong.,  II,  195-200,  V,  546-556,  674-689,  VI,  1076-1083,  1098- 
1106;  MacDonald,  Documents,  6;  Preston,  Documents,  218. 


Section  I]     AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY  111 

1.  The  problem. 

Burgess,  Pol.Science  and  Const'l.  Law,  II,  5-8;  Dicey,  Law  of  Const. 
(3d  ed.),  129-135;  Van  Tyne,  Sovereignty  in  Amer.  Rev.  (Amer. 
Hist.  Rev.,  XII,  529-545). 

(a)   Principles  and  nature  of  federalism. 

(6)    Forces    of    particularism;     sovereignty    of 

states, 
(c)    Forces    of    union;     geographical    position, 

common    political    thought    and    action, 

etc. 

2.  Plans  of  union. 

(a)   Early  proposals.    (See  p.  80.) 
(6)    Galloway's  plan,  1774. 
(c)    Franklin's  plan,  1775. 

3.  Articles  of  Confederation. 

(a)  Dickinson's  draft;  comparison  with  previ- 
ous plans. 

(6)  Debate  on  apportionment  of  taxes  and 
representation,  on  powers. 

(c)  Difficulties  of    adoption;    particularism    of 

states,  incompetence  of  congress. 

(d)  Opposition    to    ratification;     public    land 

question. 

(e)  Process  of  ratification. 

4.  Analysis  of  Articles. 

(a)    Nature  of  union;   "league  of  friendship." 
(6)    Powers  of  congress;    domestic  and  foreign 
affairs. 

(c)  Prohibition  on  states. 

(d)  Radical  error;  doctrine  of  state  sovereignty. 
(e}    Defects;     in    form,    powers,    amendment, 

legislation. 


112  AMERICAN    COLONIAL   HISTORY         [Part  VI 

SECTION  II.     PROBLEMS   CONFRONTING 

CONGRESS,    1776-1783 
A.  Domestic  Affairs. 

1.  Army  of  the  Revolution. 

SECONDARY:  Brooks,  Henry  Knox;  Fiske,  Amer.  Rev.,  II,  25-48; 
Hatch,  Adm.  of  Army  of  Rev.,  1-124;  Oliver,  Alex.  Hamilton, 
bk.  ii,  ch.  ii;  Trevelyan,  Amer.  Rev.,  pt.  3,  289-339;  Trevelyan, 
Geo.  III.  and  Chas.  Fox,  I,  249-276;  Van  Tyne,  Amer.  Rev. 
(A.  N.  S.),  120-135,  236-239,  305-308. 

SOURCE:  Hart,  Contemp.,  II,  nos.  170,  174. 

(a)    Origin  of  army;   materials. 

(6)    Organization  of  war  department;  defects. 

(c)  Evils    in    army;     enlistments,    state    inter- 

ference. 

(d)  Difficulties  of  army;   soldiers'  pay,  Con  way 

Cabal,  Valley  Forge. 

2.  Navy  of  the  Revolution. 

Paullin,  Navy  of  Rev.;  Fiske,  Amer.  Rev.,  II,  116-130;  Van  Tyne, 
Amer.  Rev.  (A.  N.  S.),  289-291,  316-318. 

(a)  Navy  department;    organization    and    ad- 

ministration. 

(b)  State  navies. 

(c)  Activities. 

3.  Finances  of  the  Revolution. 

SECONDARY:  GENERAL:  Bancroft,  Hist.  U.  S.  (last  rev.),  V,  439^58; 
Bolles,  Financial  Hist.  U.  S.,  I,  11-26,  190-605,  307-333;  Bullock, 
Finances  of  Rev.  (Univ.  Wis.  Bulletin),  117-210;  Sumner, 
Financier  and  Finances  of  Rev.,  I,  8-95;  Van  Tyne,  Amer.  Rev. 
(A.  N.  S.),  239-243,  303-304. 

On  treasury  department:  Jameson,  Essays  on  Const.,  127-137. 

SOURCE:  Hart,  Contemp.,  II,  nos.  206-208,  210. 

(a)   Treasury  department;   evils  of  organization 
and  administration. 


Section  II]   AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY  113 

(6)    Financial  expedients;    paper  money,  domes- 
tic and  foreign  loans,  requisitions, 
(c)    Depreciation  and  repudiation;   results. 

B.  Diplomacy  of  the  Revolution. 

SECONDARY:  GENERAL:  Bancroft,  Hist.  U.  S.  (last  rev.),  V,  226- 
268,  337-365;  Channing,  Hist.  U.  S.,  Ill;  Fisher,  Struggle  for 
Indep.,  II,  106-121,  246-255,  328-335;  Foster,  Century  of  Amer. 
Dip.,  1-39;  Lecky,  Hist.  Eng.,  IV,  70-96,  166-176;  Mahan.  In- 
fluence  of  Sea  Power,  1660-1783,  330-400;  Trevelyan,  Amer. 
Rev.,  pt.  3,  chs.  x,  xi;  Trevelyan,  Geo.  III.  and  Chas.  Fox,  I, 
158-208;  Van  Tyne,  Amer.  Rev.  (A.  N.  S.),  157-174,  202-236, 
289-333. 

SPECIAL:  Edler,  Dutch  Rep.  and  Amer.  Rev.  (J.  H.  S.,  XXIX, 
187-410);  Hale,  Franklin  in  France,  33-193;  Haworth,  Fred. 
Great  and  Rev.  (Amer.  Hist.  Rev.,  IX,  460);  Jameson,  St. 
Eustatia  in  Rev.  (Amer.  Hist.  Rev.,  VIII,  683);  Morse, 
Franklin,  217-300;  Perkins,  France  in  Rev.;  Tower,  Lafayette 
in  Rev.,  I,  chs.  ii-v,  ix,  II,  chs.  xvii,  xviii. 

MAPS:  A  very,  Hist.  U.  S.,  VI,  279;  Van  Tyne,  Amer.  Rev. 
(A.  N.  S.),  228. 

1.  Three-fold  character  of  Revolution. 

(a)    Civil  conflict;  Whigs  and  Loyalists. 

(6)    National  struggle;   England  and  America. 

(c)    International  struggle. 

2.  Situation  in  Europe  after  1763. 

(a)  Treaty  of  Paris,  1763;  results.  (See  pp. 
90-91.) 

(6)  Attitude  of  France  and  Spain  toward  Eng- 
land. 

3.  Confederation  and  Europe,  1776-1778. 

Jameson,  Essays  on  Const.,  142-146;  Callender,  Econ.  Hist.  U.  S., 
159-168. 

(a)    Organization  of  foreign  office. 
(6)    Commerce  as  a  military  weapon. 


114  AMERICAN    COLONIAL   HISTORY         [Part  VI 

(c)  American  commissioners  abroad. 

(d)  Early  relations  with  France  and  Holland. 

4.  Europe  and  American  Revolution,  1778-1781. 

(a)  Victory  at  Saratoga,  1777;  effect  on  Europe. 

(6)  French  alliance,  1778;  provisions. 

(c)  English  peace  commission;   failure. 

(d)  Isolated   position   of   England;    League   of 

Neutrality,  1780;   war  with  France,  Hol- 
land, Spain. 

(e)  European  aid  and  American  success. 

5.  Treaty  of  Paris,  1782-1783. 

SECONDARY:  GENERAL:  Bancroft,  Hist.  U.  S.  (last  rev.),  V,  525-580; 
Channing,  Hist.  U.  S.,  Ill;  Fisher,  Struggle  for  Indep.,  II,  504- 
551;  Fiske,  Critical  Period,  1-49;  Foster,  Century  Amer.  Dip., 
41-101;  Lecky,  Hist.  Eng.,  IV,  £18-220,  271-302;  McLaughlin, 
Confed.  and  Const.  (A.  N.  S.),  3-34. 

SPECIAL:  Fitzmaurice,  Life  of  Shelburne,  HI,  164-327;  Hale,  Frank- 
lin in  France,  II,  chs.  iv-xi;  Jay,  Life  of  Jay,  I,  133-183;  Morse, 
Franklin,  352-397. 

SOURCES:  Hart,  Contemp.,  II,  nos.  215-217;  MacDonald,  Docu- 
ments, 15;  Preston,  Documents,  232. 

MAPS:  Avery,  Hist.  U.  S.,  VI,  350-351,  362;  Dow,  Atlas  European 
Hist.,  31;  McLaughlin,  Confed.  and  .Const.  (A.  N.  S.),  14,  40; 
Shepherd,  Histl.  Atlas,  189-194,  199. 

(a)    Victory  at  Yorktown,  1781 ;   significance. 
(6)    Preliminary  peace  negotiations;    difficulties 
of  problem. 

(c)  Anglo-American  negotiations. 

(d)  Definitive  treaty,  1783;  provisions. 
C.  The  West  during  the  Revolution. 

GENERAL:  Alden,  New  Gov'ts.  West  of  Alleghanies,  (Univ.  Wis. 
Bulletin);  Carter,  Great  Brit,  and  111.  Country,  103-163;  How- 
ard, Prelim,  of  Rev.  (A.  N.  S.),  222-241;  Roosevelt,  Winning 
of  \Vest,  I,  chs.  v,  vii,  x,  xii,  II,  chs.  viii,  x-xii;  Turner,  State 
Making  during  Rev.  (Amer.  Hist.  Rev.,  I,  70-87,  251-269); 


Section  II]   AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY  115 

Van  Tyne,  Amer.  Rev.  (A.  N.  S.),  269-288;  Winsor,  Westward 
Movement,  ch.  vi. 

On  geographic  influences,  Semple,  Ameri  Hist,  and  Geog.  Condi- 
tions, 19-92. 

MAPS:  Avery,  Hist.  U.  S.,  V,  174-175,  402;  Howard,  Prelim. 
of  Rev.  (A.  N.  S.),  230;  Van  Tyne,  Amer.  Rev.  (A.  N.  S.),  278. 

1.  Early  schemes  of  colonization. 

(a)    Ohio    Company,    1749;     Albany   Plan    of 

Union. 
(6)    Proclamation,  1763;  purpose.     (See  p.  89.) 

Farrand,  Indian  Boundary  Line  (Amer.  Hist.  Rev.,  X,  782-791.) 

(c)    Treaty  of  Fort  Stanwix,  1768. 

2.  Settlements  and  institutional  beginnings. 

(a)    Illinois  and  Vandalia  projects;   failure. 
(6)    Watauga  settlements;   organization. 

(c)  Beginnings     of     Kentucky;      Transylvania 

project,  1774. 

(d)  Westsylvania,  1776. 

3.  Contest  for  the  West. 

Bancroft,  Hist.  U.  S.  (last  rev.),  V,  300-316;  Channing,  Hist.  U.  S. 
Ill;  Fiske,  Amer.  Rev.,  II,  82-109;  Hinsdale,  Old  North- 
west, ch.  ix;  Roosevelt,  Winning  of  West,  I,  chs.  viii,  ix,  xi,  II, 
chs.  i-iv;  Winsor,  Westward  Movement,  ch.  viii. 

(a)    Uprising  of  Indians;   Dunmore's  War. 
(6)    Claims  of  Virginia  to  West. 

(c)  George  Rogers  Clark  and  conquest  North- 

west. 

(d)  Struggle  for  Southwest. 

4.  The  West  and  Treaty  of  1783. 

(a)   Attitude  of  Spain. 
(6)    Division  proposed  by  France, 
(c)    Provisions  of  treaty;    boundaries,   naviga- 
tion of  Mississippi,  frontier  posts. 


116  AMERICAN   COLONIAL   HISTORY        [Part  VI 

SECTION  III.    FAILURE   OF  THE   CONFEDERATION 

1783-1787 

A.   Disorder  and  Anarchy  in  Domestic  Relations. 

1.  The  difficulties. 

McLaughlin,  Confed.  and  Coast.  (A.  N.  S.),  35-52;    Oliver,  Alex. 

Hamilton,  bk.  ii,  chs.  ii,  iv. 

(a)  Economic  distress;  taxation  and  commerce. 

(b)  Particularism  released  by  peace. 

(c)  Decentralizing  influence  of     political    phi- 

losophy. 

(d)  Incompetence  of  congress;    lack  of  power, 

inferiority  of  delegates. 

2.  Quarrels  between  states. 

Channing,  Hist.  U.  S.,  Ill;  Fiske,  Critical  Period,  145-153;  Mc- 
Master,  Hist.  People  U.  S.,  I,  155-164,  210-216,  361,  404-406; 
Roosevelt,  Winning  of  West,  III,  chs.  iv,  v. 

(a)   Wyoming  Valley  dispute;   Connecticut  and 

Pennsylvania. 
(6)    Green  Mountain  trouble. 

(c)  Separatist  tendencies;    efforts  to  form  new 

states;    Franklin,  Kentucky,  New  Con- 
necticut, Vermont. 

(d)  Impost  war  between  states. 

(e)  Impotency  of  confederation  revealed. 

3.  Financial  disorders  in  states. 

SECONDARY:  GENERAL:  Bancroft,  Hist.  U.  S.  Oast  rev.),  VI,  167-176; 

Channing,   Hist.    U.   S.,    Ill;    Fiske,   Critical   Period,    163-186; 

McLaughlin,  Confed.  and  Const.  (A.  N.  S.),  138-167;  McMaster, 

Hist.  People  U.  S.,  I,  281-354;    Weeden,  Soc.  and  Econ.  Hist. 

New  Eng.,  II,  840-875. 
SPECIAL:    Bates,  Rhode  Island  and  Union  (C.  U.  S.,  X,  107-148); 

Hunt,     Life   of    Madison,    24-43;     Minot,    Shays's    Rebellion; 


Section  III]  AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY  117 

Warren,   Confed.   and    Shays's   Reb.    (Amer.    Hist.    Rev.,    XI, 
42-68). 
SOURCE:   Hart,  Con  temp.,  Ill,  no.  58. 

(a)    Causes     of     economic     distress;      section 

affected. 
(6)    Stay  and  tender  laws;    agitation  for  paper 

money. 

(c)  Shays's  rebellion  in  Massachusetts. 

(d)  Disturbances  in  other  colonies. 

4.  Financial  disorders  of  Confederation. 

SECONDARY:  Bancroft,  Hist.  U.  S  (last  rev.),  VI,  24-35;  Chan- 
ning,  Hist.  U.  S.,  Ill;  Fiske,  Critical  Period,  90-119;  McLaugh- 
lin,  Confed.  and  Const.  (A.  N.  S.),  53-70,  78-83;  Oberholtzer, 
Robt.  Morris,  60-213;  Sumner,  Financier  and  Finances  of  Rev., 
II,  1-21,  48-80. 

On  the  mutiny  of  the  army,  Hatch,  Adm.  of  Army  of^Rev.,  124-194. 

SOURCE:   Am.  Hist.  Leaflets,  no.  28. 

(a)  Reorganization;   work  of  Robert  Morris. 

(b)  Struggle  for  revenue;    amendments,   1781, 

1783;  failure. 

(c)  Deplorable  condition  of  finances. 

(d)  Mutiny  of  army;  soldiers'  pay. 

5.  The  Loyalists. 

SECONDARY:  GENERAL:  Fiske,  Critical  Period,  120-130;  McMaster, 
Hist.  People  U.  S.,  I,  107-130;  Van  Tyne,  Loyalists  of  Rev., 
chs.  ix-xiii;  Van  Tyne,  Amer.  Rev.  (A.  N.  S.),  248-268. 

SPECIAL:  Bourinot,  Canada,  76-86;  Flick,  New  York  Loyalists 
(C.  U.  S.,  XIV,  116-214);  Morse,  Life  of  Hamilton,  I,  141-150. 

SOURCE:   Hart,  Contemp.,  Ill,  nos.  166-169. 

(a)  Treatment  during  war. 

(b)  Provisions  of  treaty  of  1783. 

(c)  Violation   of   treaty;    state   action   against 

Loyalists. 

(d)  Case  of  Rutgers  vs.  Waddington;  Hamilton. 

(e)  Emigration  of  Loyalists. 


118  AMERICAN   COLONIAL   HISTORY        [Part  VI 

B.  Inadequacy  in  Foreign  Relations. 

1.  Failure  to  enforce  treaty  obligations. 

SECONDARY:  Bancroft,  Hist.  U.  S.  (last  rev.),  VI,  36-53;  Charming, 
Hist.  U.  S.,  Ill;  Fiske,  Critical  Period,  131-134;  McLaughlin, 
Western  Posts  and  Brit.  Debts  (A.  H.  A.  R.,  1894,  413-444); 
Winsor,  Westward  Movement,  225-237. 

SOURCE:  Hart,  Contemp.,  Ill,  no.  47. 

(a)  Difficulty  of  enforcing  treaties. 

(b)  State  violations  of  treaty  of  1783;  Loyalists, 

British  debts. 

(c)  British  retaliation;   retention  frontier  posts. 

(d)  Discontent  of  western  settlers. 

2.  Commercial  relations  with  Great  Britain. 

SECONDARY:  Callender,  Econ.  Hist.  U.  S.,  196-220;  Fiske,  Critical 
Period,  134-144;  McLaughlin,  Confed.  and  Const.  (A.  N.  S.), 
103-107;  McMaster,  Hist.  People  U.  S.,  I.  226-249. 

SOURCES:  Am.  Hist.  Leaflets,  no.  28,  vii;  Hart,  Contemp.,  Ill,  nos. 
48-53. 

(a)    Difficulty  of  negotiating  treaties. 
(6)    American  trade  and  mercantile  system  of 
Europe. 

(c)  British    discriminations    against    American 

trade. 

(d)  Commerce  amendment,  1784;   failure. 

3.  Spain  and  Southwest. 

SECONDARY:  Channing,  Hist.  U.  S.,  Ill;  Fiske,  Critical  Period, 
208-211;  Hunt,  Life  of  Madison,  44-66;  McLaughlin,  Confed. 
and  Const.  (A.  N.  S.),  89-102;  McMaster,  Hist.  People  U.  S., 
I,  371-389,  412-416;  Ogg,  Opening  of  Miss.,  400-460;  Roose- 
velt, Winning  of  West,  III,  ch.  iii;  Winsor,  Westward  Move- 
ment, 326-350. 

SOURCE:   Hart,  Contemp.,  HI,  no.  45. 

(a)    Question  of  southern  boundary  and  naviga- 
tion of  Mississippi. 


Section  IV]   AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY  119 

(6)  Spanish  intrigues  in  Southwest. 

(c)  Jay-Gardoqui  negotiations;   failure. 

(d)  Proposed  commercial  treaty. 

(e)  Threats  of  secession  in  Southwest,  in  New 

England. 


SECTION  IV.     TRIUMPH   OF  NATIONALISM 
A.  The  West  as  a  Consolidating  Factor. 

SECONDARY:  GENERAL:  Donaldson,  Public  Domain,  59-88;  Fiske, 
Critical  Period,  187-207;  Ford,  Precedents  of  Natl.  Land  Sys- 
tem (Univ.  Wis.  Bulletin),  54-91;  Hinsdale,  Old  Northwest, 
192-279;  McLaughlin,  Confed.  and  Const.  (A.  N.  S.),  108-137; 
Treat,  National  Land  System,  1785-1820,  1-40;  Winsor,  West- 
ward Movement,  245-293'. 

SPECIAL:  Adams,  Md.'s  Influence  (J.  H.  S.,  Ill,  7-54);  Cutler,  Life 
of  Cutler,  I,  ch.  viii;  Sato,  Land  Question  in  U.  S.  (J.  H.  S.,  IV, 
279-300). 

SOURCES:  Am.  Hist.  Leaflets,  no.  32;  Hart,  Contemp.,  Ill,  nos. 
42,  43,  46;  MacDonald,  Documents,  21;  Preston,  Documents, 
240. 

MAPS:  Avery,  Hist.  U.  S.,  VI,  388,  410-111;  McLaughlin,  Confed. 
and  Const.  (A.  N.  S.),  108,  116,  134. 

1.  Origin  of  national  domain. 

(a)    State  claims  to  western  lands;  basis. 
(6)    Attitude  of  landless  states, 
(c)    State  cessions. 

2.  Administration  of  Northwest. 

(a)    Resolution  of  congress,  1780. 

(6)    Jefferson's  ordinance,  1784. 

(c)    Various  reports  and  suggestions,  1785-1786. 

3.  Ordinance  of  1787. 

(a)   Reasons   for   passage;     financial   straits   of 

confederation. 
(6)    Ohio  Company;   agency  of  Cutler. 


120  AMERICAN    COLONIAL   HISTORY         [Part  VI 

(  (c)    Authorship  of  ordinance. 

(d)    Principal  features. 

B.   Commerce  as  a  Centripetal  Force. 

SECONDARY:  Bancroft,  Hist.  U.  S.  (last  rev.),  VI,  5-23,  59-68, 
110-115,  177-203;  Charming,  Hist.  U.  S.,  Ill;  Ford,  Rise  and 
Growth  Amer.  Pol.,  34-58;  Fiske,  Critical  Period,  212-221; 
Frothingham,  Rise  of  Rep.,  584-589;  Hunt,  Life  of  Madison, 
87-107;  McLaughlin,  Confed.  and  Const.  (A.  N.  S.),  168-183; 
McMaster,  Hist.  People  U.  S.,  I,  200-210,  258-259,  356-370, 
390-391;  Taylor,  Origin  and  Growth  Amer.  Const.,  139-162; 
Thorpe,  Const'l.  Hist.  U.  S.,  I.  243-288. 

SOURCES.  For  proposed  amendments,  see  Amer.  Hist.  Leaflets, 
no.  28;  Elliot,  Debates,  I,  85-116;  Hamilton,  Works  (Lodge 
ed.),  I,  214-291;  Washington,  Writings  (Ford  ed.),  IX,  174-176, 
192-194,  X,  201-202,  274-279;  Hart,  Contemp.,  Ill,  nos.  37-41, 
54,  56,  57,  59. 

1.  The  problem. 

Culberson,  Alex.  Hamilton,  4-35;  Oliver.  Alex.  Hamilton,  bk.  ii, 
chs.  i,  v;  Federalist,  nos.  iii,  iv,  xi,  xii. 

(a)    Inadequacy  of  confederation  in  finance  and 

commerce. 
(6)    Inability  of  states  to  deal  with  economic 

situation, 
(c)    Ill-effect  on  commerce  and  industry. 

2.  Efforts  to  strengthen  union. 

(a)   By  grant  of  specific  powers;   commerce  and 

revenue  amendments. 
(6)    By   grant   of   coercive   powers;    report   of 

Madison. 

(c)  Proposals  of  Hamilton  and  Washington. 

(d)  Pamphlets  of  Pelatiah  and  Noah  Webster. 

(e)  Proposals  for  a  constitutional  convention; 

legislatures  of  New  York,  1782,    Massa- 
chusetts, 1785. 


Section  IV]   AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY  121 

3.    Commerce  and  a  constitutional  convention, 
(a)    Commercial  disputes  between  states. 
(6)    Virginia-Maryland  commercial  commission- 
ers, 1784-1785. 

(c)  Annapolis  convention,  1786. 

(d)  Call  for  a  constitutional  convention. 

C.  Formation  of  the  Constitution. 

SECONDARY:  GENERAL:  Bancroft,  Hist.  U.  S.  (last  rev.),  VI,  207- 
270;  Charming,  Hist.  U.  S.,  Ill;  Fiske,  Critical  Period,  222-305; 
Frothingham,  Rise  of  Rep.,  581M510;  McLaughlin,  Confed.  and 
Const.  (A.  N.  S.),  201-277;  McMaster,  Hist.  People  U.  S.,  I, 
417-427,  436-453;  Thorpe,  Constl.  Hist.  U.  S.,  I,  bk.  ii. 

SPECIAL:  Elliot,  Story  of  Const.,  1-26;  Hunt,  Life  of  Madison, 
108-156;  Morse,  Alex.  Hamilton,  I,  155-237;  Oliver,  Alex. 
Hamilton,  bk.  ii,  ch.  vi. 

SOURCES:  For  debates  in  the  convention,  see  Elliot,  Debates,  I; 
Farrand,  Recs.  Federal  Conv.,  I,  II;  Hart,  Contemp.,  Ill,  nos. 
60-67. 

1.  The  Convention. 

(a)    Composition  and  organization. 
(6)    Personnel;  character  and  ability. 

2.  The  difficulties. 

(a)  Sectional  antagonisms;  North  and  South, 
East  and  West. 

(6)  Limitations  on  convention's  power;  in- 
structions to  delegates. 

(c)  Organic  nature  of  union;    nationalist  and 

states'  rights  parties. 

(d)  Necessity  of  compromise. 

3.  Plans  of  government. 

Elliot,  Debates,  I,  143-183;  Farrand,  Recs.  Federal  Conv.,  Ill, 
593-630. 

(a)    Virginia  plan;  national. 
(6)    Debate  on  Virginia  plan. 


122  AMERICAN    COLONIAL   HISTORY         [Part  VI 

(c)  New  Jersey  plan;   confederation. 

(d)  Debate  on  New  Jersey  plan;   rejection. 

(e)  Hamilton's  plan;   extreme  character. 

4.  Compromise. 

Farrand,  Compromises  of  Const.  (Amer.  Hist.  Rev.,  IX,  479-489). 

(a)    Representation;   senate  and  house  of  repre- 
sentatives. 
(6)    Apportionment  of  representatives. 

(c)  Commerce  and  slavery. 

(d)  Executive. 

5.  Origin  and  nature  of  constitution. 

SECONDARY:  Beard,  Supreme  Court  and  Const;  Bryce,  Amer. 
Com.  (3d  ed.),  I,  670-673;  Farrand,  Const,  and  Defects  of 
Confed.  (Amer.  Pol.  Science  Rev.,  II,  532-544);  Fisher,  Evol.  of 
Const.,  chs.  vi-viii;  Merriam,  Amer.  Pol.  Theories,  96-141; 
McLaughlin,  Social  Compact  and  Const.  (Amer.  Hist.  Rev., 
V,  467-490);  Robinson,  Original  and  Derived  Features  (Annals 
Amer.  Acad.,  I,  203-243);  Stevens,  Sources  of  Const. 

SOURCE:  Federalist,  nos.  41—48. 

(a)    Derived  features  of  constitution;    colonial 
and  state  precedents,  English  experience. 
(6)    Constitution  and  defects  of  confederation. 

(c)  Principle  of  distribution  of  powers;    dele- 

gated and  reserved  powers. 

(d)  Tripartite  division  of  governmental  powers. 

(e)  Supreme  law  of  land;   check  on  state  laws. 
(/)    Philosophy  of  constitution. 

D.  Ratification  of  the  Constitution. 

SECONDARY:  GENERAL:  Bancroft,  Hist.  U.  S.  (last  rev.),  VI,  371- 
466;  Channing,  Hist.  U.  S.,  HI;  Fiske,  Critical  Period,  306-345; 
McLaughlin,  Confed.  and  Const.  (A.  N.  S.),  277-318;  McMaster, 
Hist.  People  U.  S.,  I,  454-502;  Story,  Commentaries,  I,  sees. 
281-305. 


Section  IV]  AMERICAN  COLONIAL  HISTORY  123 

SPECIAL:  Libby,  Geog.  Dist.  Vote  on  Const.  (Univ.  Wis.  Bulletin); 
Bates,  Rhode  Island  and  Union  (C.  U.  S.,  X,  149-200);  Harding, 
Ratification  in  Mass. ;  McMaster  and  Stone,  Pa.  and  Fed.  Const. ; 
Raper,  Why  N.  C.  at  First  Refused  to  Ratify  Const.  (A.  H.  A.  R.f 
1905,  I,  99-123). 

BIOGRAPHICAL:  Hunt,  Life  of  Madison,  137-166;  Hosmer,  Sam'l. 
Adams,  392-401;  Morse,  Life  of  Hamilton,  I,  238-275;  Oliver, 
Alex.  Hamilton,  bk.  ii,  ch.  vii;  Tyler,  Patrick  Henry,  279-301. 

SOURCES:  Elliot,  Debates,  II;  Ford,  Pamphlets  on  Const.;  Hart, 
Contemp.,  Ill,  nos.  68-75. 

MAPS:  Showing  distribution  of  vote  on  the  ratification  of  constitu- 
tion, Libby,  Geog.  Dist.  Vote  on  Const.  (Univ.  Wis.  Bulletin); 
McLaughlin,  Confed.  and  Const.  (A.  N.  S.),  278,  300. 

1.  Areas  and  basis  of  opposition. 

(a]    Influence  of  West. 

(6)    Question  of  paper  money. 

(c)  Fear  of  consolidation. 

(d)  No  guarantees  of  liberty. 

2.  Areas  and  basis  of  support. 

(a)    East  and  commercial  classes. 
(6)    Theories  of  Federalist. 

3.  Struggles  in  state  conventions. 

(a)    Pennsylvania,      Massachusetts,      Virginia, 

New  York. 
(6)    Opposition  in  North  Carolina  and  Rhode 

Island. 

4.  Adoption  of  Bill  of  Rights. 


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